The purpose of this review is examination of the present scenario of electricity production and investigation of whether an electricity powered world is possible, indicating which primary energy forms should be preferably utilized. Currently, most of the primary energy used by mankind, including that employed to generate electricity, comes from fossil fuels, which need to be phased out because ...

This paper investigates three models to implement Tradable Green Certificates (TGC) system with aid of game theory approach. In particular, the competition between thermal and renewable power plants is formulated in three models: namely cooperative, Nash and Stackelberg game models. The price of TGC is assumed to be determined by the legislative body (government) which is fixed. Numerical examp...

nowadays, factor of energy besides other factors such as labor and capital plays an important role in agricultural production. energy is used as a factor for agricultural machines and instruments. important discussion about this subject is the reaction rate of energy demand to price variations of energy and other factors. so, this study estimates the functions of energy demand in agricultural s...

A techno-economic evaluation of bioenergy production from macroalgae was carried out in this study. Six different scenarios were examined for the production of different energy products and by-products. Seaweed was produced either via the longline method or the grid method. Final products of these scenarios were either ethanol from fermentation, or electricity from anaerobic digestion (AD). By-...

Prior to the deregulation trend, electricity prices were highly regulated and were usually fairly predictable generators and wholesalers knew their production costs and revenues, and consumers knew their electricity costs. However, deregulation has caused electricity to become the most volatile of the commodities. Not only is the demand for electricity highly variable, but the inability to stor...

We have examined various scenarios involving the growth of algae and the sequestering of carbon during its growth. End-uses for algae are found in the production of food supplements for humans; animal feed; oil extraction and its transesterification to produce biodiesel; electricity production upon combustion directly or by transforming the algae to methane anaerobically; or fuel production via...

In electric business, costs that support production called with allowable electric cost or basic cost of electricity. Therefore, the basic cost of electricity has to get more attention seriously from the electric company in order to be trusted by consumers. In determining of the costs must be transparence and do the optimizing in calculating process because of revenues from customers have to be...

Bilateral procurement contracts in the electricity industry use fixed unit prices to settle payments and deliveries. This type of purchasing arrangement creates perverse production incentives and ignores dynamic uncertainties that are inherent in electricity markets. We consider a continuous-time contracting environment, in which the electricity price is modeled as a mean reversion jump diffusi...

This article presents a critical analysis of all the major pathways to produce hydrogen and to utilize it as an energy carrier to generate heat or electricity. The approach taken is to make a cradle to grave analysis including the production of hydrogen, the conversion of hydrogen to heat or electricity, and finally the utilization of that heat or electricity for a useful purpose. This methodol...