The specific absorbed fraction (SAF) of energy is an essential element of internal dose assessment. Here reported a set of SAFs calculated for selected organs of a human voxel-based phantom. The Monte Carlo transport code GATE version 6.1 was used to simulate monoenergetic photons and electrons with energies ranging from 10 keV to 2 MeV. The particles were emitted from three source organs: kidn...

introduction accurate estimation of the skin-absorbed dose in external radiation therapy is essential to estimating the probability of secondary carcinogenesis induction materials and methods electron contamination in prostate radiotherapy was investigated using the monte carlo (mc) code calculation. in addition, field size dependence of the skin dose was assessed. excess cancer risk induced by...

The purpose of the present work is to calculate specific absorbed fractions using variance reduction techniques and assess the effectiveness of these techniques in improving the efficiency (i.e. reducing the statistical uncertainties) of simulation results in cases where the distance between the source and the target organs is large and/or the target organ is small. The variance reduction techn...

A positive association between deoxcholic acid (DCA) in the serum and colorectal adenomas, the precursors of colorectal cancer has recently been found, which supported the hypothesis of a pathogenic role of DCA in colonic carcinogenesis. This approach was based on the hypothesis that DCA formed in the colon is absorbed into the portal venous blood and exhibits a constant spillover to the system...

To estimate the time delay between the planetary temperature change and the change of the incoming solar radiation fraction absorbed by the ocean and the atmosphere, the analytical energy balance model is presented. The model generalization allows of using averaged data for model parameterization. Using the model, the time delay is investigated on four model cases of absorbed radiation change. ...

Abstract The magnetic field is a key feature that distinguishes magnetron sputtering from simple diode sputtering. It effectively increases the residence time of electrons close to cathode surface and by energy efficiency discharge. This becomes apparent in high power impulse (HiPIMS) discharges, as small changes can result large variations discharge characteristics, notably peak current and/or...

The aim of the TLD pilot study was to investigate and to reduce the uncertainties involved in the measurements of absorbed dose and to improve the consistency in dose determination in the regional radiotherapy centres in Poland. The intercomparison was organized by the SSDL. It covered absorbed dose measurements under reference conditions for Co-60, high energy X-rays and electron beams. LiF po...

Introduction. In the International Code of Practice for dosimetry TRS-398 published by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), water is recommended as the reference medium for the determination of absorbed dose for high-energy electron beams. Plastic phantoms may be used under certain circumstances for electron beam dosimetry for beam qualities R50 < 4g/cm2 (E0 below 10 MeV). In our study, w...