The developments in enteral feeding for Crohn's disease in the past decade are critically reviewed. The advent of amino acid based chemically defined elemental diets signalled the end of 'total bowel rest' in the management of these patients. Subsequently, controlled clinical trials showed that elemental diets were as effective as corticosteroids in inducing clinical remission in patients with ...

Heterotrophic microbial decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi, immobilize or mineralize inorganic elements, depending on their elemental composition and that of their organic resource. This fact has major implications for their interactions with other consumers of inorganic elements. We combine the stoichiometric and resource-ratio approaches in a model describing the use by decomposers of an...

Synchrotron-based phase contrast tomography (holotomography) and scanning hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXFM) are combined to characterize the three-dimensional (3D) structural and corresponding elemental distribution of bacterial biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Samples were fixed without contrast agents or microtomal sectioning. Within an intact microbial community single bacteria ar...

1. Organisms facing variation in food quality maintain elemental composition within limited bounds. Such stoichiometric homeostasis has often been considered a speciesspecific parameter, but stoichiometry can also vary intraspecifically across life stages, sexes and sizes. In colonial organisms with overlapping generations, stoichiometric variation among stages could lead to flexibility in colo...

The elemental composition of strawberry plants (Fragaria ananassa cv. Macarena) inoculated with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense REC3, and non-inoculated controls, was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) analysis. This allowed simultaneous semi-quantification of different elements in a small, solid sample. Plants were in...

BACKGROUND Elemental and semi-elemental formulas are used to feed infants with short bowel syndrome, who may not be able to tolerate feeds of more than 310 mOsm kg(-1). The present study aimed to measure the osmolality of elemental and semi-elemental formulas at different concentrations, with and without the addition of nonprotein energy supplements. METHODS The osmolality of one elemental an...

Ecological stoichiometry generally assumes that heterotrophs have a higher degree of elemental homeostasis than autotrophs. Differences between fixed consumer nutrient requirements and nutrients available in resources allow prediction of the intensity of nutrient recycling ensured by heterotrophs. Despite their fundamental role in detritus decomposition, extremely fewdata are currently availabl...

This study was conducted to evaluate the titratable acidity and effect of naturally acidic agents on the surface microhardness, elemental composition, and surface morphology of fluorapatite-leucite ceramics. One hundred and ten ceramic disks (IPS d.SIGN), 12.0 mm in diameter and 2.0 mm in thickness, were fabricated. Before immersion, the baseline data of Vickers microhardness and elemental comp...

Galactic cosmic rays represent a directly accessible sample of matter that originates outside the solar system. The element and isotope distribution of this high-energy material is a record that was molded in the fires of nucleosynthesis in other regions of the galaxy, and imprinted by subsequent nuclear and electromagnetic processes that have altered its composition. Recently, significant new ...

available online at http://meteoritics.org 3-D elemental and isotopic composition of presolar silicon carbides Torsten HENKEL1†*, Thomas STEPHAN1, Elmar K. JESSBERGER1, Peter HOPPE2, Roger STREBEL2, 3, Sachiko AMARI4, and Roy S. LEWIS5 1Institut für Planetologie/ICEM, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany 2Max-Planck-Institut für Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany 3Physikali...