until now many studies have been done over recent decades throughout the world to show the right age to start english. in iran, research is still at an early stage in terms of evaluating teachers’ beliefs about teaching children english. the problem of at what age to start teaching english and how to teach english to elementary school children has not been solved neither in this country nor els...

the application of a comprehensive model of communicative language ability (cla) to language teaching and testing has always been an imperative in l2 education since hymess proposal of communicative competence in the 1970s. recent l2 research has clearly underscored the importance of sufficient pragmatics representation as an essential component of cla in pedagogical and testing practices in l2...

abstract this study investigated the predictability of variables from a motivational framework as well as individuals qualities to predict three non-linguistic outcomes of language learning. gardners socio-educational model with its measures has been used in the current study. individual qualities presented in this study include (1) age, (2) gender, and (3) language learning experience. the...

Background and Aim: Psychological empowerment is a new approach to intrinsic motivation in order to create opportunities for the flourishing of talent, ability and competence of employees and managers. This study was conducted to assess the psychological empowerment of managers and its dimensions in the selected military unit. Methods: This applied research was conducted by the descriptive-anal...

Background: In the current situation of organizations, empowerment of human capital of organizations is a key and important element that can help the dynamism and prosperity of organizations and create a suitable organizational environment to increase productivity. One of the central aspects of paying attention to human resources of the organization is the concept of empowerment, which is intro...

Introduction: Lack of knowledge of reading skills causes students not to get good results from their efforts. Designing a curriculum for learning and study skills is very important in improving the quality of the educational system and individual empowerment of students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the need to design a curriculum for study and learning skills in the Iranian hig...