On cloud servers the data are hosted by the data owners and the data are accessed by the users from the cloud servers in cloud computing. As the data are outsourced, there are new security challenges been introduced by the new data hosting service that requires an independent auditing service in cloud to check the data integrity. There exist few remote integrity methods used for checking which ...

Reliable and well-audited financial statements attract the capital that finances business. Analytical auditing plays an important role in assisting the auditor in determining the nature, timing and extent of his or her substantive testing and in forming an overall opinion as to the reasonableness of recorded account values. It is used to improve the efficiency of auditing. Basically, in an anal...

Many costs of motor vehicle use are external, and a significant portion of the charges that vehicle users do pay are fixed, and therefore not marginal. This is economically inefficient and inequitable. Distance-based fees are the best way to charge for many costs imposed by vehicles, including road use, insurance, pollution emissions, and other environmental impacts. Distance-based charges are ...

The research aims to evaluate the environmental auditing practices in petroleum sector of Kurdistan Region Iraq by measuring application ISO 14001 requirements, diagnosing main practices, reducing negative effects organization's activities on environment and complying with local international laws related environment. Also, determining most important weaknesses companies region Iraq. Therefore,...

Web and Grid Services are quickly maturing as a technology that allows for the integration of applications belonging to different administrative domains, enabling much faster and efficient business-to-business arrangements. For such an integration to be effective, the Provider and the consumer of a service must negotiate a Service Level Agreement (SLA), i.e. a contract that specifies what one p...

most common concerns for users in cloud storage are data integrity, confidentiality and availability, so various data integrity auditing schemes for cloud storage have been proposed in the past few years, some of which achieve privacy-preserving public auditing, data sharing and group dynamic, or support data dynamic. However, as far as we know, until now yet there doesn't exist a practical aud...