Bureau of Economic Geology, Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX 78713, United States Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, United States Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical, Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Ch...

a Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK b Carl Zeiss Microscopy Ltd, 509 Coldhams Lane, Cambridge CB1 3JS, UK c School of Earth & Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK d Scotgold Resources Limited, Upper Station, Tyndrum, Stirlingshire FK20 8RY, UK e Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, Rankine Avenue, Scottish ...

Raman spectroscopy and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) have many attributes that make them attractive for field detection of environmental contaminants, industrial process control, as well as materials detection/identification in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, law enforcement/first responders, geology, and archeology. However, portable, robust, inexpensive Raman systems are required f...

a WiscSIMS, Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA b Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA c Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA d Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, ...

a Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States b Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, United States c Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland d Department of Environmental Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Züric...

a State Key Lab of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China b Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA c Department of Geology and Meteorology, Kean University, 1000 Morris Ave., Union, New Jersey 07083, USA d USDA-NRCS, 339...

Introduction Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear process used for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast amount of materials. NAA relies on excitation by neutrons so that the treated sample emits gamma-rays. It allows the precise identification and quantification of the elements, above all of the trace elements in the sample. NAA has applications in chemistry but also i...

X-ray mapping (XRM) is the collection of characteristic x-rays as a function of the position of the scanning electron beam on the specimen. This analytical technique provides a high magnification image related to the distribution and relative abundance of elements within a given specimen. Consequently, XRM has become one of the most popular and useful methods of microanalysis and has been widel...

Department of Earth Sciences, Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland, Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Chemistry Department, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA, Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA, Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution...

a Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA b Center for Environmental Sensing and Modeling, Singapore–MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore c Center for Oceanography and Marine Technology, Surya University, Indonesia d Institute of Geology and Paleontology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany e Earth Ob...