Justice is one of the most important tendencies andinteractions in human existence that sustains the human society. In addition,one of the fundamental conce...

Wallace's 1858 paper 'On the tendency of varieties to depart indefinitely from the original type' is often thought to present a theory of natural selection identical with that of Darwin. Examination of Wallace's argument shows that it is different from Darwin's because Wallace thought that an inferior variety could coexist with a superior variety until environmental deterioration forced the ext...

In the mid-1960s, fertilization (with nitrogen) had a breakthrough as a promising forest management method in Swedish company owned forests. The activity grew and peaked during the 1970s but then lost ground and stabilized at a low level in the 1990s and early 2000s. Over the last five years, however, interest in fertilizing Swedish forests has increased again. In this article both the forestry...

Growth heterogeneity within microbial populations has been thought to increase fitness by allowing some cells to survive an unpredictable change to a harsh environment. A new study demonstrates that heterogeneity can increase fitness even in the absence of environmental changes.

There is much controversy surrounding the poverty-environmental degradation nexus. The predominant school of thought argues that poverty is a major cause of environmental degradation and if policy makers want to address environmental issues, then they must first address the poverty problem. Another school of thought argues that a direct link between poverty and environmental degradation is too ...

Thinkers and philosophers have constantly benefited from different         approaches of reasoning to explore and justify their ideas. Theses reasoning            approaches are considered as the principle instruments in speculative activities of the thinkers. To this end to achieve the procedure of thinking and the way philosophers achieve objectives, it is necessary to recognize their reasoni...