In response to the threat of climate change, there is a rising tide of “green” ideas and beliefs. However, it is open to question as to whether these pro-environment attitudes actually translate into environmentally-friendly behavior. We develop a set of novel measures of community environmentalism for both the state of California and the nation as a whole based on costly behavior in both polit...

Renewable energy (RE) is one of the most popular public policy orientations worldwide. Compared to some other countries and continents, Europe has gained an early awareness environmental problems in general. At theoretical level, free-market environmentalism indicates that based on principle private property rights, with fewer state interventionist regulation policies, entrepreneurs, as driving...