background: the inappropriate use of aminoglycosides has harmful effects such as the development of resistant pathogens and the incidence of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. therefore, drug utilization evaluation of these drugs may improve their usage remarkably. the aim of this study was to assess the usage pattern of amikacin in an internal medicine ward. methods: this cross-sectional study wa...

compost is a gradual process in nature by which organic materials are decomposed in the presence of air by microorganisms and fungi. the product is a valuable fertilizer that is used in different places even in home little gardens, so that it has signed as an unnoticed asset. with due attention to the importance of compost, its guidelines and standards should be evaluated. it is pointed and com...

ever-increasing advances in the field of bioethics have been encouraged by recent developments of biomedical technolo-gies. stem cell research and therapy are among the most promising approaches in medicine of which are raised some ethical chal¬lenges. likewise, the therapeutic potential of stem cell-based therapies created new policy concerns for health care sys¬tems, particularly the issue of...

BACKGROUND According to WHO (2013) report the number of under five-year mortality in Ethiopia was 195,504, out of this 84,437 was from neonatal death and this mortality is related to immediate obstetric and newborn care of babies provided by health care providers; But little was known about the level of knowledge and practice related to immediate newborn care and their associated factors among ...

Public health interventions usually operate at the level of groups rather than individuals, and cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are one means of evaluating their effectiveness. Using examples from six such trials in Bangladesh, India, Malawi and Nepal, we discuss our experience of the ethical issues that arise in their conduct. We set cluster RCTs in the broader context of public he...

Facebook’s experimental manipulation of newsfeed content and the subsequent PNAS publication of significant findings from it (1) have drawn attention to the regulation of human participation in academic research and to the differences between commercial and academic research. Those events were recognized in an Expression of Concern in PNAS (2). In commerce and on the Internet, experimentation i...

This article analyzes the religio-ethical discussions of Muslim religious scholars, which took place in Europe specifically in the UK and the Netherlands, on organ donation. After introductory notes on fatwas (Islamic religious guidelines) relevant to biomedical ethics and the socio-political context in which discussions on organ donation took place, the article studies three specific fatwas is...

Background Multi-centre studies generally cost more than single-centre studies because of larger sample sizes and the need for multiple ethical approvals. Multi-centre studies include clinical trials, clinical quality registries, observational studies and implementation studies. We examined the costs of two large Australian multi-centre studies in obtaining ethical and site-specific approvals. ...

Seeking ethics committee approval for research can be challenging even for relatively simple studies occurring in single settings. Complicating factors such as multicentre studies and/or contentious research issues can challenge review processes, and conducting such studies internationally adds a further layer of complexity. This paper draws on the experiences of the LINNAEUS Collaboration, an ...

BACKGROUND It is thought that a dependent relationship between patients and physicians who enroll their own patients in research compromises voluntary informed consent. Therefore, several ethical guidelines for human subject research provide approaches to mitigate these compromises. Currently, these approaches have not been critically evaluated. In this article, we analyze the approaches of eth...