Public Agencies are dead. They cannot compete in the current environment. They are in a league with eight track tapes, Beta and Apple home computers. Privatization, the perceived answer to the waste inefficiency and uncaring attitude of bloated bureaucracies, is the current buzzword. The theory most often expressed about public agencies from citizens and politicians is that they can’t be fixed....

The existence of significant wage differentials among "similar" individuals employed by different agencies in the federal government is explored. The theoretical framework proposes that the underlying reason for these differentials may be linked to the political influence exhibited by the constituencies and bureaucracies of federal agencies. The empirical results indicate that employees in fede...

A mobile agent (robot), modeled as a finite automaton, has to visit all nodes of a regular graph. How does the memory size of the agent (the number of states of the automaton) influence its exploration capability? In particular, does every increase of the memory size enable an agent to explore more graphs? We give a partial answer to this problem by showing that a strict gain of the exploration...

Sociological research consistently demonstrates that in modern industrial societies significant inequalities remain in opportunity chances for members of different social classes. The Merit Selection (MS) hypothesis predicts that the allocation of occupational positions in modern post-industrial societies should be based increasingly on meritocratic principles: ‘merit’ is defined as IQ plus eff...

This paper analyzes the determinants of professionalization in American state legislatures since the 1960s. I develop four hypotheses relating changes in professionalism to changes in two measures of government growth: bureaucracy size and expenditure levels. A panel analysis of state-level data reveals two major trends that occurred during the 1970s. First, increases in professionalism are inv...

let r be a commutative ring and m be an r-module. we say that m is fully primary, if every proper submodule of m is primary. in this paper, we state some characterizations of fully primary modules. we also give some characterizations of rings over which every module is fully primary, and of those rings over which there exists a faithful fully primary module. furthermore, we will introduce some ...

The capability of sand constitutive models is remarkably improved by taking into account the effect of soil state in their formulations. In this study, it has been shown that considering the effect of soil state leads to better simulation of soil instability of shear banding type. To this aim, constitutive equations of a state dependent sand model are explained first. Consequently, the general ...