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A total of 197 multidose injectable vials were collected from 10 different nursing stations and evaluated for sterility. Experimental contamination studies were undertaken, and the cost-effectiveness of multidose vials was compared with that of single-dose vials. Our results showed that bacterial contamination of multidose injectable vials was not a significant hazard; in addition, contrary to ...

The literature is full of new biomarkers which are claimed to add to the laboratory repertoire in a range of conditions. The literature is often confusing and may be contradictory. The past 20 years is littered with publications claiming the next big thing in a biomarker, some of which have been implemented on high throughput laboratory platforms. The number of novel biomarkers which have reach...

Background: Other than the UK, The Netherlands has no formal threshold for cost-per-QALY values defined yet. For example, a cutoff value at €20,000 per QALY is sometimes mentioned in various discussions, however it has no formal status at all. Yet, since 2005, all new innovative do have to go through a cost-effectiveness evaluation though, with the assessment being focused on the methodology ra...

OBJECTIVES This study assessed the relative effectiveness and cost effectiveness of television, radio and print advertisements to generate calls to the New York smokers' quitline. METHODS Regression analysis was used to link total county level monthly quitline calls to television, radio and print advertising expenditures. Based on regression results, standardised measures of the relative effe...

This review assesses the range and quality of the evidence base on the cost-effectiveness of malaria prevention and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. Fourteen studies are reviewed, covering insecticide-treated nets, residual spraying, chemoprophylaxis for children, chemoprophylaxis or intermittent treatment for pregnant women, a hypothetical vaccine, and changing the first line drug for treatmen...

The concept of the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) provides a simple technical tool for summarising the impact a medical condition has on someone's life and the impact a health care intervention can have on that medical condition. In the former case, QALYs (and related concepts, such as disability-adjusted life years, DALYs) have been useful in producing summary statistics on the burden of di...