Prostate cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in American men and represents a significant factor in US health care costs. Radiation therapy serves as one of the most effective treatments for prostate cancer. However, radiation is also an expensive treatment modality and is a significant contributor to the overall rise in the cost of prostate cancer care. Currently, standard e...

Various electricity generation technologies using different primary energy sources are available. Many published studies compare the costs of these technologies. However, most of those studies only consider plant-level costs and do not fully take into account additional costs that societies may face in using these technologies. This article reviews the literature on the costs of electricity gen...

In this paper we use the lens provided by the resourceand competence-based perspective and agency theory to analyse benefits and costs arising from separation between ownership and control in hightech start-ups. We argue that when these firms obtain external financing, the associated separation between ownership and control generates agency costs. Whether these costs exceed the benefits of exte...

In the voluntary task switching procedure, subjects choose the task to perform on a series of bivalent stimuli, requiring top-down control of task switching. Experiments 1-3 contrasted voluntary task switching and explicit task cuing. Choice behavior showed small, inconsistent effects of external stimulus characteristics, supporting the assumption of top-down control of task choice. Switch cost...

There is a strong imbalance in EU transport mode share. In addition issues like road congestion, noise, accident rate and especially pollutant emissions result not only in external costs to society but also in high logistical costs to customers of transport services. The present paper proposes an assessment model to evaluate final internal and external costs of transport chains served by road a...

The real world is a complex dynamic and stochastic environment. This is especially true for the traffic moving daily on our roads. As such, accurate modeling that correctly considers the real-world dynamics and the inherent stochasticity is very important, especially if government will base its road tax decisions on the outcomes of these models. The contemporary traffic prices, if any, however ...

This paper examines public preferences on siting landfills using a choice experiment. A choice experiment is a method that elicits public preferences directly through questionnaires. This paper focuses on possible negative effects of a hypothetical landfill siting on residents who are assumed to live around the landfill. The results of this analysis clearly show that the residents evaluate acce...

this study aimed at identifying components of the household health costs.this study was a qualitative research conducted in two main phases. the first phase consisted of interviews with sample households selected in eight provinces of iran. they were to identify components of the household health costs. in the second phase, components were determined as direct, indirect and intangible based on ...