We have measured extraocular muscle function in 41 patients who received neuromuscular block with mivacurium 0.2 mg kg-1 during anaesthesia with propofol, ketorolac, fentanyl and isoflurane in nitrous oxide and oxygen, which was antagonized at the end of surgery with neostigmine 0.05 mg kg-1 and glycopyrronium 0.01 mg kg-1 in 21 of these patients. Extraocular muscle function was measured before...

PURPOSE Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and cardiotrophin 1 (CT1) are known to increase the strength of extraocular muscles in adult and embryonic animals, but no information is available for the early postnatal period, when strabismus treatment in humans is most urgent. Here the authors sought to determine whether these trophic factors strengthen juvenile maturing extraocular muscles and g...

The purpose of this study was to quantify the type and amount of myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA within muscles of different developmental origins to determine whether the regulation of gene expression is comparable. Seven MHC isoforms were analyzed in rat adult limb (extensor digitorum longus, tibialis anterior, and soleus) and nonlimb (extraocular, thyroarytenoid, diaphragm, and masseter) muscl...

1. Wilcox LM Jr, Gittinger JW Jr, Breinin GM. Congenital adduction palsy and synergistic divergence. Am J Ophthalmol. 1981;91(1):1-7. 2. Kim JH, Hwang JM. Adduction on attempted abduction: the opposite of synergistic divergence. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124(6):918-920. 3. Lim KH, Engle EC, Demer JL. Abnormalities of the oculomotor nerve in congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles and congeni...

The orbit is a rare site for metastatic carcinoma (Duke-Elder, I952) and, although such orbital deposits may commonly involve muscle secondarily, discrete metastatic tumours in the extraocular muscles are extremely rare, as in muscle generally (Willis, I952, I953). A search of the literature has revealed four previous cases: two from carcinoma of the breast (Wintersteiner, I899; Bedford and Dan...

We have shown previously that the gain of the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex (HVOR) is modified by afferent signals from extraocular muscle proprioceptors in the decerebrate pigeon. We have now analysed the variability of the HVOR in intact, alert pigeons and, using the artificial vestibulo-ocular reflex method, have found that in all of the pigeons tested afferent signals from the extraocu...

The surgical results of severe or complex deviations such as those due to complete third nerve palsy, aberrant innervation of extraocular muscles (EOMs) and Duane syndrome are usually not completely successful. Herein, we describe the surgical technique of EOM fixation to the orbital wall. After a limbal or fornix based conjunctival incision, the related EOM is identified and dissected; the mus...

As described in Chapter 4, the extraocular muscles perform two functions: optostatic and optokinetic. The optostatic function requires that the muscles maintain a state of postural tonicity; the optokinetic function requires that quick, tetanic contractions be performed. These two contradictory functions are served by two different sets of muscles in the skeletal muscle system. Eye muscles, how...

Introduction Many medical indications for orbital decompression exist in patients with Graves‘ orbitopathy (GO) of which the dysthyroid optic neuropathie (DON) is rather severe and has to be urgently treated. The neuropathy nerve commonly caused by swelling extraocular muscle tissue resulting a compression area apex orbitae or stretching proptosis. Most common symptoms include decreased color s...