The evolution of Internet offers new tools allowing ordinary people to become content creators. One of the latest popular tools is the Internet-based blog. Few previous studies explored and examined user motivations of blogging. In this study, expectancy theory is applied to construct a conceptual framework as well as a measurable model on bloggers’ motivation to blogging. Expert interviews and...

Emotional and arousing treatments given shortly after learning enhance delayed memory retrieval in animal and human studies. Positive affect and reward induced prior to a variety of cognitive tasks enhance performance, but their ability to affect memory consolidation has not been investigated before. Therefore, we investigated the effects of a small, non-contingent, intrinsic or extrinsic rewar...

The problem of sparse rewards is one of the hardest challenges in contemporary reinforcement learning. Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) tackles this problem by using a set of temporally-extended actions, or options, each of which has its own subgoal. These subgoals are normally handcrafted for specific tasks. Here, though, we introduce a generic class of subgoals with broad applicabili...

Abstract Deep reinforcement learning methods have achieved significant successes in complex decision-making problems. In fact, they traditionally rely on well-designed extrinsic rewards, which limits their applicability to many real-world tasks where rewards are naturally sparse. While cloning behaviors provided by an expert is a promising approach the exploration problem, from fixed set of dem...

Economics is solidly based on the workings of incentives. Extra rewards will increase and extra costs will decrease the frequency of a particular type of behavior. In sociology, Weber had pointed to a kind of behavior that was presumably not steered by incentives: value-rational behavior, found in religions and strong reasoned convictions. Because of an increasing rationalization of the world, ...

Introduction: Webster's defines the word " motivate " as " impel or to urge forward by the exertion of strong moral pressure. " In the context of academia and education, however, motivation takes on a slightly different meaning. According to Linda Nilson, the term means " stimulating the desire to learn something. " 1 There are, of course, two types of motivation when it comes to education or a...

We examined affective forecasting errors as a possible explanation of the perennial appeal of extrinsic values and goals. Study 1 found that although people relatively higher in extrinsic (money, fame, image) compared to intrinsic (growth, intimacy, community) value orientation (REVO) are less happy, they nevertheless believe that attaining extrinsic goals offers a strong potential route to hap...

Research on job satisfaction and gender has yielded mixed results, underscoring the need to understand how men women may experience differently. This study builds extant literature by examining extrinsic rewards, intrinsic work relations, work-life balance, design contribute among women. Moreover, examines these relationships in context of COVID-19 pandemic. Using measurement items from Interna...

We draw on self-determination theory and research religious orientations to investigate motivations associated with collective narcissism—a belief in in-group greatness that is underappreciated by others—versus secure identity, an unpretentious positive regard for the in-group. Four surveys examined these associations focusing different social identities: personally important groups (Study 1, N...