In one of a series of short articles on philosophical medical ethics, Gillon examines the principle of justice as it applies to adjudicating competing claims for the distribution of scarce medical resources. He describes Aristotle's theory of justice--with its demands of formal equity, impartiality, and fairness--and then considers various substantive criteria that have been proposed to justif...

Increases in Social Security taxes during the past decade or so have prompted frequent comparisons of Social Security taxes and Federal personal income taxes. In this article, new evidence is brought to bear on this issue. Two specific questions are addressed: For 1979, what percentage of family units paid more in Social Security tax than in Federal income tax? How did this relationship between...

The European Union (EU) integration project is under attack from a reassertion of national sovereignty following Brexit and the Covid-19 crisis. Our analysis examines impact that traditional forms interests will have on conduct EU foreign security policy post-Brexit. We focus challenge to mode regulation diplomacy in internal/external policies Common Foreign Security Policy, Defence Justice Hom...

The first part of this article outlines two complementary approaches to enhancing administrative justice. Internal mechanisms, which can be put into place by government departments and public bodies themselves, are contrasted with external mechanisms, which result in the imposition on government departments and public bodies of principles enunciated by courts, tribunals, and ombudsmen. Lawyers ...

In the jurisdictions both of England and Wales and of Scotland, the civil justice system is currently the subject of intense critical appraisal. This paper considers the current status of civil justice, beginning by asking what we expect from our system of civil justice and going on to analyse the supply and demand of civil legal services in market terms. The authors conclude that there is scop...

This study examines the efforts made by Iraqi scholar Mohsen Mahdi in field of studying Farabi philosophy, and reasons that led him to specialize thought Abu Nasr al-Farabi, who is considered founder Islamic one most important influential Muslim philosophers philosophy Middle ages. The then analyzed methodological perspective on which Dr. relied looking at Al-Farabi's philosophical achievement....