Widespread anthelmintic resistance in small ruminants has necessitated alternative means of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control. The objective was to determine the effectiveness of copper oxide wire particles (COWP) administered as a gelatin capsule or in a feed supplement to control GIN in goats. In four separate experiments, peri-parturient does (n=36), yearling does (n=25), weaned kids (...

This document describes how to use Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes to efficiently provide and/or augment reliability for bulk data transfer over IP multicast. This document defines a framework for the definition of the information that needs to be communicated in order to use an FEC code for bulk data transfer, in addition to the encoded data itself, and for definition of formats and codes...

Network delays can cause serious usability problems in synchronous groupware systems. Delays can often be reduced by switching to lightweight protocols, such as UDP, but this switch also sacrifices any guarantee of message reliability. To address this problem, we investigate the use of adaptive forward error correction (AFEC) for groupware. Adaptive FEC is a technique that can maintain a predef...

This document describes a Fully-Specified Forward Error Correction (FEC) Scheme for the Reed-Solomon FEC codes over GF(2^^m), where m is in {2..16}, and its application to the reliable delivery of data objects on the packet erasure channel (i.e., a communication path where packets are either received without any corruption or discarded during transmission). This document also describes a Fully-...

We investigate how FEC (Forward Error Correction) can be combined with ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) to achieve scalable reliable multicast transmission. We consider the two scenarios where FEC is introduced as a transparent layer underneath a reliable multicast layer that uses ARQ, and where FEC and ARQ are both integrated into a single layer that uses the retransmission of parity data to rec...

Forward error correction (FEC) codes that can provide unequal error protection (UEP) have been used recently for video transmission over wireless channels. These video transmission schemes may also benefit from the use of FEC codes both at the application layer (AL) and the physical layer (PL). However, the interaction and optimal setup of UEP FEC codes at the AL and the PL have not been previo...

4 5 6 Forward Error Correction (FEC) has been used extensively for distributing multimedia contents over the internet. Traditionally, FEC can only be implemented in an end-to-end mode. In [3] we have introduced network embedded FEC (NEF) framework and showed that NEF can greatly improve the decodable probability and message goodput in overlay and peer-to-peer (p2p) multicast networks. In NEF, F...

introduction: iron is found in different forms in the soil. in the primary minerals, iron is found as fe3+ or fe2+ which converted to fe2+ and released in unsuitable reduction conditions. minerals such as sulfide or chlorine and bicarbonate can affect and change the different forms soil fe. feas these elements are abundance in groundwater or soil, they are capable to react chemically with fe an...

Although forward error-correction (FEC) coding is an essential part of modern fiber-optic communication systems, it impractical to implement and evaluate FEC in transmission experiments simulations. Therefore, desirable accurately predict the end-to-end link performance including from data recorded without FEC. In this tutorial, we provide ready-to-implement "recipes" for such prediction techni...

Coherent systems based on QPSK rely on differential encoding to avoid catastrophic error propagation. A simple solution for soft differential decoding is presented that limits the penalty after FEC to 0.75dB, similar to pre-FEC binary differential decoding.