the abilities of silybum marianum cell culture to biotransform benzaldehyde to benzyl alcohol in three culture systems were compared. callus cultures of silybum marianum were established from seedlings, and healthy suspensions and immobilized cultures grown on the murashige and skoog medium. s. marianum cells were immobilized in both agar beads and fiber cotton matrixes. benzaldehyde was fed to...

Abstract Larval frass in herbivorous lepidopterans is mainly composed of plant-derived material and microbes from the gut. Despite fact that conspecific larvae repels female moths Spodoptera littoralis oviposition, role volatiles on larval foraging behavior largely unknown. Here, we show S. walk upwind to a wind tunnel assay. We identified volatile guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) as key ligand for o...

in order to investigate biodiversity of industrial crop in iran, an investigation was made based on the statistical data available on acreage and production of this crop in the country. cultivated area of industrial crop from 29 provinces were analyzed and shannon biodiversity index was calculated. the highest biodiversity index compare to the total crop species was observed in golestan, semnan...

the aim of this paper is to investigate the role of producer cooperatives (pcs) on rural development in fars, khorasan, semnan, golestan and hamadan provinces of iran in 2007. more specifically, this paper focuses on the economic aspects and social changes occurred in rural area concerning the cooperatives development. in order to measure quantitatively the effectiveness of economic and social ...

Aphis gossypii Glover and Acyrthosiphon Mordvilko (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are key pests of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., known to induce cotton host plant defense responses. Deep RNA sequencing the transcriptome followed by differential expression analyses were performed clarify molecular mechanisms in response feeding these aphid pests. We found 6,565 genes differentially expressed Ac. 823 tha...

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is used as the raw material in more than fifty industries and also main source of materials textile, oil, animal feed, paper industries. Additionally, it a crop great economic importance for its producer countries with added value employment opportunities. among crops sensitive to weed competition yield decreases weeds. For this reason, control treatments should b...

BACKGROUND The noctuid Helicoverpa armigera is one of the key cotton pests in the Old World. One possible pest regulation method may be the management of host crop in the landscapes. For polyphagous pests such as H. armigera, crop diversity and rotations can offer sequential and alternate resources that may enhance abundance. We explore the impact of landscape composition and host crop diversit...