We argue that the non-perturbative Schwinger mechanism may play an important role in the hadronic production of charm. We present a flux tube model which assumes that the colliding hadrons become color charged because of gluon exchange, and that a single non-elementary flux tube is built up as they recede. The strong chromoelectric field inside this tube creates quark pairs (including charmed o...

Superheaters are essential components in a coal-fired power plant because they keep the highest tube wall temperature points radiant boiler. The pressurized steam flowing superheater tubes is heated via thermal radiation and convection from combustion gas. To prevent bursting of caused by fatigue for stable safe operation, precisely predicting complex heat transfer characteristics, estimating l...

We model a steam-boiler control system using hybrid automata. We provide two abstracted linear models of the nonlinear behavior of the boiler. For each model, we de ne and verify a controller that maintains the safe operation of the boiler. The less abstract model permits the design of a more e cient controller. We also demonstrate how the tool HyTech can be used to automatically synthesize con...