statement of problem: fixed orthodontic appliances can interfere with removing bacterial plaques from dental surfaces which can ultimately lead to white spot formation. purpose: the aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity of white spots and areas of decalcification following fixed orthodontic treatment. materials and methods: a total of 100 patients undergoing or scheduled for fixed orth...

I study contracting for information acquisition under moral hazard. When the cost of information is average reduction in Shannon entropy all Pareto optimal contracts pay a fraction of output together with a state fixed effect and a decision fixed effect. The fraction of output is increasing in the set of experiments available to the agent. The state fixed effect indexes contract payments to sta...

This study challenges two core conventional meta-analysis methods: fixed effect and random effects. We show how and explain why an unrestricted weighted least squares estimator is superior to conventional random-effects meta-analysis when there is publication (or small-sample) bias and better than a fixed-effect weighted average if there is heterogeneity. Statistical theory and simulations of e...