We investigated the roles of fliF, fliS, flhB, fliQ, fliG, and fliI of Helicobacter pylori, predicted by homology to encode structural components of the flagellar basal body and export apparatus. Mutation of these genes resulted in nonmotile, nonflagellate strains. Western blot analysis showed that all the mutants had considerably reduced levels of both flagellin subunits and of FlgE, the flage...

The flagellar frequency and waveform of Euglena were analyzed under full illumination (420-700 nm) and in a restricted wavelength band (530-700 nm) when the cells were in a medium containing Mg2+ or had been microinjected with Mg2+, Mn2+, or Ca2+ in solution. Magnesium abolished the change in flagellar frequency and the reversal in waveform that cells exhibit when illuminated by a 530-700 nm wa...

Sea-urchin sperm were extracted with 0-5 M KC1 for 45 s at room temperature in the presence of Triton X-ioo, and then transferred to reactivating solution containing 1 mM ATP. The flagellar beat frequency of these KCl-extracted sperm (16 beats/s) was only about half that of control Triton-extracted sperm that had not been exposed to 0-5 M KC1 (31 beats/s), although the form of their bending wav...

Flagellar beating of hyperactivated golden hamster spermatozoa was analyzed in detail using digital image analysis and was compared to that of nonhyperactivated (activated) spermatozoa in order to understand the change in flagellar beating during hyperactivation and the active microtubule sliding that brought about the change in flagellar beating. Hyperactivated flagellar beating, which was cha...

Infection of intestinal epithelial cells is dependent on the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 (Spi1)-encoded type III injectisome system and flagellar motility. Thus, the expression of virulence and flagellar genes is subject to tight regulatory control mechanisms in order to ensure the correct spatiotemporal production of the respective gene products. In this work...

A recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi flagellin protein expressed in Escherichia coli is bound by a murine monoclonal antiflagellin antibody (H9724) and by antibodies in the sera of patients with Lyme disease. Immunoreactive epitopes on the flagellar protein were identified by immunoblot analysis of antibody binding to expressed truncated flagellar proteins. The epitope recognized by the murine mo...

Adhesion is an important virulence factor of Vibrio alginolyticus. This factor may be affected by environmental conditions; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. In our previous research, adhesion deficient strains were obtained by culturing V. alginolyticus under stresses including Cu, Pb, Hg, and low pH. With RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, we found that all of these stress t...

Little is known about how cells regulate the size of their organelles. In this study, we find that proper flagellar length control in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii requires the activity of a new member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family, which is encoded by the LF2 (long flagella 2) gene. This novel CDK contains all of the important residues that are essential for kinase activity but lacks...

The assembly and maintenance of eukaryotic flagella are regulated by intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bidirectional traffic of IFT particles (recently renamed IFT trains) within the flagellum. We previously proposed the balance-point length control model, which predicted that the frequency of train transport should decrease as a function of flagellar length, thus modulating the length-depend...

Cilia/flagella are conserved eukaryotic organelles that play an important role in the control of cell motility and detection of environmental cues. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ciliary/flagellar assembly, maintenance, disassembly, and signal transduction are not yet completely understood. Recent studies demonstrated that post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphoryl...