this paper tries to survey the relationship between national revenue growth with the governments current expenditure, which increases under the effect of the governments transfer payments composed of basic goods subsidies. the paper uses a dynamic two-sector equation that was formulated according to irans economic structure characteristics. the solution of the model by way of reduced form equat...

I business-to-business settings a company’s sales force often spends considerable time lobbying internally for authorization to charge lower prices. These internal lobbying activities are time consuming, and divert attention from other tasks, such as interacting with customers. We explain why internal lobbying activities serve an important role. They help the firm elicit truthful reporting of d...

One of the greatest challenges facing the communications industry today is the necessity for bandwidth expansion in the network’s core. In the past, the driving force behind growing bandwidth demand was the Internet data explosion. Today, the driving force is video and the Internet traffic pushing that video, whether it is from the consumer side with video-content providers such as YouTube or H...

In this paper, we explore the interaction between taxation and local public good (LPG) and how it impacts the spatial pattern in the framework of new economic geography (NEG). In the benchmark case of a pure LPG, the system displays a similar location pattern to the existing NEG taxation model, although the tax reduces the market size of manufactured goods. However, when we consider the inheren...

The aim of the study was to investigate if pushrim kinetics could be used as markers of glenohumeral joint demand during manual wheelchair accessibility activities; demonstrating a method of biomechanical analysis that could be used away from the laboratory. Propulsion forces, trunk and upper limb kinematics and surface electromyography were recorded during four propulsion tasks (level, 2.5% cr...

During bouncing gaits such as hopping and running, leg muscles generate force to enable elastic energy storage and return primarily from tendons and, thus, demand metabolic energy. In an effort to reduce metabolic demand, we designed two elastic leg exoskeletons that act in parallel with the wearer's legs; one exoskeleton consisted of a multiple leaf (MLE) and the other of a single leaf (SLE) s...

Women’s involvement in fisheries is more significant than often assumed. according to current estimates from nine major fish producing countries, they comprise 46% of the labor force in smallscale capture fisheries-related activities, including preand post-harvesting work. Their current engagement is shaped by rapidly dwindling fisheries stocks on one hand, and the increased global demand for f...

Collective Action and Agroindustries Two fundamental global economic tendencies have caused a shift in interest towards promoting rural agroenterprises and agroindustrialization to combat rural poverty. Increasing income levels and demographic changes, i.e. increased female labor force participation, has fueled demand for high-value and processed products. Structural adjustment and liberalizaCo...

The authors empirically explore the revenue impact of marketing mix variables and their interactions. The findings include: pharmaceutical direct to consumer advertising (DTC) and detailing (sales force) affect demand synergistically; detailing raises price elasticity; and, detailing has a higher ROI than DTC. Other implications and future research directions are discussed.