AIM The effect of a depression-like status formed by chronic stress on the development of Lewis lung carcinoma metastases in C57Bl/6J mice was investigated. Two types of acute stress (restraint and social stress) were used for comparison. METHODS The depression-like status was induced by eight-week exposure to repeated but unpredictable stressors (chronic mild stress model) and was assessed i...

Hindbrain norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) neurons play a pivotal role in the central distribution of sensory signals derived from the internal environment. Their projections influence the various secretory patterns of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and are essential for feeding and adrenal medullary responses to glucoprivation. NE and E terminals in the paraventricular nucleus o...

Introduction: Different mechanisms are involved in stress induced analgesia (SIA) and hyperalgesia (SIH). Repeated stress induces development of tolerance to SIA. The role of HPA axis and Gs signaling pathway in these effects are investigated in the current study. Methods: Forced swim stress (5 min/day) in water (20±1 ºC) was employed to adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g). The nociceptive t...

BACKGROUND Glial dysfunction has been purported to be important to the pathophysiology of bipolar illness. However, manic behavior has not been previously demonstrated to result as a consequence of glial pathology. The aim of the current study was to assess the behaviors of the glial-specific sodium pump alpha2 subunit (ATP1A2) knockout (KO) heterozygote mice to determine if a glial-specific ab...

background: fatigue is a common side effect in cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy (rt). radiation-induced fatigue affects the quality of life, but there is no definitive treatment option. in this study, the weight-loaded forced swim test was performed to assess the effect of coenzyme q10 (coq10) on radiation-induced fatigue. materials and methods: a total of 60 rats were divided rando...

The incidence of depressive illness is high in the United States and worldwide, and the inadequacy of currently available drug treatments contributes to the significant health burdenassociatedwithdepression. Abasicunderstandingof the underlying disease processes in depression is lacking, and therefore, recreating the disease in animalmodels is not possible. Currently usedmodels of depression at...

Introduction: The formalin test is the most accepted chemical test for evaluation of nociception. It requires the injection of an adequate amount of formalin into the surface of the hindpaw. Formalin test consists of phase 1 (0-7 min) and phase 2 (15-60) in which the animal shows painful behaviors. These phases are separated with a quiet phase named interphase, in which the nociceptive respon...