Pure and aqueous methanol were used for radiation induced incorporation of CO at elevated pressure (up to 15 bar). The initial yields (G,) of the main products in pure methanol under 15 bar CO and 1 bar N 20 were found to be: G, (formaldehyde) = 3.80 and G;(glycolic aldehyde) = 2.0. For aqueous (10“ 2 mol • dm -3 ) methanol under 15 bar CO (dose: 0.557 kGy, pH — 2): the yields were G (formaldeh...

In hydroformylation, phosphorus-based directing groups have been consistently successful at placing the aldehyde on the carbon proximal to the directing group. The design and synthesis of a novel catalytic directing group are reported that promotes aldehyde formation on the carbon distal relative to the directing functionality. This scaffolding ligand, which operates through a reversible covale...

The three-dimensional structures of aldose reductase and aldehyde reductase, members of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily, are composed of similar alpha/beta TIM-barrels. However, examination of the structures reveals that the inhibitor-binding site of aldose reductase differs from that of aldehyde reductase due to the participation of non-conserved residues in its formation. This information...

Yeast aldehyde dehydrogenase and each of two of its active proteolytic digestion products are readily dissociable into subunits which can, in turn, reassociate. The native protein dissociates into four subunits of equal sire. The partially digested enzymes dissociate into the same subunit plus a second, smaller subunit. The data are interpreted in terms of a tetrameric native enzyme, differing ...

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is a highly reactive lipid aldehyde byproduct of the peroxidation of cellular membranes. The structure of HNE features three functional groups, a C1 aldehyde, a C2==C3 double bond, and a C4- hydroxyl group, each of which may contribute to the toxicity of the compound. In addition, the length of the aliphatic chain may influence toxic potency by altering lipophilicity. ...

Among all the known human cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP2A13 has the highest efficiency in catalyzing the metabolic activation (keto aldehyde and keto alcohol formation) of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), a potent lung carcinogen in animals and a suspected human lung carcinogen. As part of the structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, the ...

In this work, aldehyde-functionalized chitosan was produced by the reaction of chitosan in the solid state with nitrogen oxide gases, generated in situ from a HNO3/H3PO4 NaNO2 mixture. This reaction is more advantageous than the existing methods to produce aldehyde-functionalized chitosan, since the depolymerization was slower and the purification process of the products was easy and straightfo...

Lenvatinib is a multityrosine kinase inhibitor that inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and is being developed as an anticancer drug. P450s are involved in one of the elimination pathways of lenvatinib, and mono-oxidized metabolites, such as N-oxide (M3) and desmethylated metabolite (M2), form in rats, dogs, monkeys, and humans. Meanwhile, two other oxidative metabolites are ...

A new method for enolate generation via the gold-catalyzed addition of boronic acids to alkynes is reported. The formation of boron enolates from readily accessible ortho-alkynylbenzeneboronic acids proceeds rapidly with 2 mol % PPh(3)AuNTf(2) at ambient temperature. The enolates undergo aldol reaction with an aldehyde present in the reaction mixture to give cyclic boronate esters, which can be...