Here we review the mechanisms that bacterial cells use to protect themselves against channel-forming colicins. Four mechanisms are examined: immunity, resistance, tolerance and PacB character. Immunity confers protection to colicinogenic cells against the colicin they produce, since the colicinogenic plasmid bears the genetic determinant for such immunity protein. Resistance is provided by modi...

In order to establish a biological contamination transport model for predicting the cross contamination risk during spacecraft assembly and upon landing on Mars, it i s important to understand the relationship between sporeforming bacteria and their carrier particles. We have conducted air and surface sampling in indoor, outdoor, and cleanroom environments to determine the ratio of spore formin...

In the classification proposed by Smith, Gordon & Clark (1946) the genus Bacillus has been divided into three groups depending principally on morphological differences in the size and shape of the spores and the shape of the sporangia. Their classification and nomenclature has been used throughout this paper. The bacilli of group I are known to synthesize fructosans from sucrose; those obtained...