Apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein, has been proven inversely correlated to cardiovascular risk in past decades. The lipid-free state of apo A-I is the initial stage which binds to lipids forming high-density lipoprotein. Molecular models of lipid-free apo A-I have been reported by methods like X-ray crystallography and chemical cross-linking/m...

We investigate the equilibrium state of the model of Peng, et al. for molecular breeding. In the model, a population of DNA sequences is successively culled by removing the sequences with the lowest binding affinity to a particular target sequence. The remaining sequences are then amplified to restore the original population size, undergoing some degree of point-substitution of nucleotides in t...

As shown by Jarzynski, free energy differences between equilibrium states can be expressed in terms of the statistics of work carried out on a system during non-equilibrium transformations. This exact result, as well as the related Crooks fluctuation theorem, provide the basis for the computation of free energy differences from fast switching molecular dynamics simulations, in which an external...

To curb the impact and transmission of worms and virus for simple mass action incidence rate in computer networks, SI1I2RS (Susceptible, Infectious due to worm, Infectious due to virus, Recovered and Susceptible) model have been formed. Basic reproduction number, endemic equilibrium state and their stability are discussed for the simple mass action incidence. For locally and globally asymptotic...

Chemical and other species reaction theories involving thermodynamical equilibrium states characterized by a temperature parameter invariably utilize statistical mechanical equilibrium density distributions. Here, a definition of heat-work transformation termed thermo mechanical coherence is first made, and it is conjectured that most molecular bonds have the above heat-work transformation prop...

We develop analogies between economic systems and thermodynamics, and show how economic quantities can characterize the state of an economic system in equilibrium. We argue that just as a physical system in thermodynamic equilibrium requires a nonmechanical variable ~the temperature T) to specify its state, so does an economic system. In addition, both systems must have a corresponding conjugat...

We analyze the microscopic evolution of a system undergoing a far-from-equilibrium thermodynamic process. Explicitly accounting for the degrees of freedom of participating heat reservoirs, we derive a hybrid result, similar in form to both the fluctuation theorem, and a statement of detailed balance. We relate this result to the steady-state fluctuation theorem, and to a free energy relation va...

In this paper, a model is proposed to study the impact of awareness on the dynamics of dengue. It is assumed that due to awareness of the disease some susceptible take necessary precautionary measures to protect themselves from mosquito bite. A threshold is obtained for the stability of the disease-free equilibrium state. The awareness is found to affect the threshold. For the sufficiently larg...