This research investigates methods to study linguistic evolution using a corpus of scanned newspapers. We use a corpus of 4 million press articles covering about 200 years of archives, thus documenting indirectly the evolution of written language. The corpus is made out of digitized facsimiles of Le Journal de Genève (1826-1997) and La Gazette de Lausanne (1804-1997). For each journal, the dail...

The delineation of the hematological malignancies began near the end of the first third of the 19th century with the recognition of the similarity among cases with lymph node tumors and an enlarged spleen (Hodgkin's disease). Descriptions of chronic and acute leukemia and myeloma followed thereafter. In the first years of the 20th century the discovery of x-radiation permitted palliative orthov...

[1] We present a reconstruction of global sea level (GSL) since 1700 calculated from tide gauge records and analyse the evolution of global sea level acceleration during the past 300 years. We provide observational evidence that sea level acceleration up to the present has been about 0.01 mm/yr and appears to have started at the end of the 18th century. Sea level rose by 6 cm during the 19th ce...

Scholars argue about whether age stereotypes (beliefs about old people) are becoming more negative or positive over time. No previous study has systematically tested the trend of age stereotypes over more than 20 years, due to lack of suitable data. Our aim was to fill this gap by investigating whether age stereotypes have changed over the last two centuries and, if so, what may be associated w...

We are grateful to Simon Board, Walker Hanlon and seminar participants at Harvard University, MIT, Stanford University, Wisconsin University, University of Houston, University of Michigan, University of Texas-Austin, University College London and the NBER Summer Institute for their comments. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Nati...

The history of the scientific investigation of galaxy clusters starts with the XVIII century, when Charles Messier and F. Wilhelm Herschel independently produced the first catalogues of nebulæ, and noticed remarkable concentrations of nebulæ on the sky. Many astronomers of the XIX and early XX century investigated the distribution of nebulæ in order to understand their relation to the local “si...

introduction: a study was made conserning 142 patients who were suffering from gastrointestinal lymphoma, were seen at the department of hematology and oncology, esfahan medical school, during the period 1982-2002. method: all patients had laparotomy, and biopsy of the site lesion. histopathological subtypes were done in the international working formulation. stage groupings were done applying ...

The deterministic coalition game theory is based on the presumption that all expected incomes of coalitions and individual players are exactly known even befor the bargaining process If we leave this presumption then we extend the original gamemodel into the fuzzy coalition game with vague i e fuzzy pay o s The vagueness of the pay o s leads to vagueness of some other concepts and prop erties l...

Most often, in the discretization of a partial differential equation, one or several intermediate non-discrete problems appear between the continuous and discrete ones. In this case, the discretization is called multi-step. Let us quote timedependent equations where the intermediate problem is the time semi-discrete problem and the equations where a stabilization term is added befor the discret...