Landscape fragmentation creates an increasingly complex environment in which to manage forests in the United States. The effects of fragmentation on productivity, mortality, and decomposition in forests vary with fragment size, forest type, and climate. Fragmentation can affect fuel accumulation, increase the spatial variability of fuel loads, and affect the susceptibility of forests to fire. D...

In this paper, an ecological and chemical safety assessment of using RDF (Refuse-derived fuel) is considered. It shown that production consumption wastes, including combustible unclaimed fractions secondary material resources from household solid waste, which have undergone preliminary sorting preparation, in terms grinding cleaning non-combustible inert materials, are used as raw materials for...

The isotopic composition of fossil fuels is an important component of many studies of C sources and sinks based on atmospheric measurements of CO2. In C budget studies, the isotopic composition of crude petroleum and CH4 are often used as a proxy for the isotopic composition of CO2 emissions from combustion. In this study, the C isotope composition (dC) of exhaust from the major fossil fuel emi...

The life in the 21st century carries the consequence of using many goods and conveniences of the technocratic world. Doubtless, electric energy is one of such good. According to the principle of conservation of energy, we have to use different sources of energy with the aim of production of electric current. Most frequently the energy contained in mineral fuels or nuclear energy is being used [...

This study included over all about competition of renewable energy to the conventional energy, and economic growth on demand for technology especially solar increasing its annual cost decline. Also, highlight most important projects applied in oil fields Middle East America.
 In this study, a design simulation system was conducted as source generating electricity with capacity 1 megawatt c...

In this paper we observe the extension of the vehicle routing problem (VRP) in fuel delivery that includes petrol stations inventory management and which can be classified as the Inventory Routing Problem (IRP) in fuel delivery. The objective of the IRP is to minimize the total cost of vehicle routing and inventory management. We developed a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) heuristic for solv...

We show, from recent data obtained at specimen North Pacific stations, that the fossil fuel CO2 signal is strongly present in the upper 400 m, and that we may consider areal extrapolations from geochemical surveys to determine the magnitude of ocean fossil fuel CO2 uptake. The debate surrounding this topic is illustrated by contrasting reports which suggest, based upon atmospheric observations ...

A study of future energy requirements and of the potential of various energy sources (coal, oil, gas, nuclear power, hydropower and solar energy) indicates that the contribution to be made by nuclear fission, now competitive with conventional energy sources, will grow steadily over the next few decades. Whereas the amount of fuel which has to be fabricated each year for the operation of a nucle...

Many utility systems in the world have power plants operating with fossil fuel. In the thermal power plants maximum requirements of fuel is a coal. The handling of this fuel is a great job. To handle the fuel, i.e., coal, each power station is equipped with a coal handling plant. Maintenance of Critical Equipments for Coal Handling Plants (CHP) of Thermal Power Stations is typical job. The fail...