introduction: gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (gnih) is believed to be an inhibitor of gonadotropin releasing hormone (gnrh) secretion. the role of gnih in lactational inhibition of gonadotropin secretion is not well known therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of lactation on expression of gnih in these nuclei of lactating and non-lactating rats. methods: ten postpa...

Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation was employed in adult anesthetized non-decerebrate cats, in order to localize the brainstem neuronal populations functionally related to sniff-like (gasp-like) aspiration reflex (AR). Tissues were immunoprocessed using an antibody raised against amino acids of Fos and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The l...

The ability to adapt dynamic environments requires tracking multiple signals with variable sensory salience and fluctuating behavioral relevance. This complex process integrative crosstalk between cognitive brain circuits. Functional interactions cortical thalamic regions are now considered essential for both perception cognition but a clear account of the functional link circuits is currently ...

Retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus from the right orbicularis oculi muscle was used to identify neural networks underlying spontaneous, reflex, and learned blinks. The kinetics of viral transfer was studied at sequential 12 hr intervals between 3 and 5 d after inoculation. Rabies virus immunolabeling was combined with the immunohistochemical detection of choline acetyltransferas...

We examined the characteristics of fiber fuse propagation in hole-assisted fibers (HAF). The fiber fuse propagated in the same way as in conventional single-mode fiber (SMF) when the diameter of an inscribed circle linking the air holes (c) was much larger than the diameter of the melted area (Dmelted). The melted area is caused by fiber fuse propagation and Dmelted is assumed to be almost the ...