Survival curves are frequently used for reporting survival or mortality outcomes of experimental pharmacological/toxicological studies and of clinical trials. Microsoft Excel is a simple and widely used tool for creation of numerous types of graphic presentations however it is difficult to create step-wise survival curves in Excel. Considering the familiarity of clinicians and biomedical scient...

Some of the problems that rendered Excel 97, Excel 2000 and Excel 2002 unfit for use as a statistical package have been fixed in Excel 2003, though some have not. Additionally, in fixing some errors, Microsoft introduced other errors. Excel’s new and improved random number generator, at default, is supposed to produce uniform numbers on the interval (0,1); but it also produces negative numbers....

This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution , reselling , loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to da...

The behavioural state of an organism consists of an array of constituent behaviours or responses which may be altered differentially as the behavioural state of an animal changes (Kupferman et al. 1991). The medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis , exhibits a long cycle in feeding behaviour (Dickinson and Lent, 1984). When they have not fed for some months, Hirudo exhibit an array of appetitive be...

Pelvic radiation disease (PRD) occurs in 2-11% of patients undergoing pelvic radiation for urologic and gynecologic malignancies. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) has previously been described as a noninvasive therapeutic option for the treatment of PRD. the purpose of study was to analyze prospectively the results of HBOT in 44 consecutive patients with PRD who were resistant to conventional o...

Today, Biometric systems are considered superior in technological developments, because they provide a nontransferable means of identifying people not just cards or badges. The image enhancement step is designed to reduce noise in this area. The key point about an identification method that is “nontransferable" means it cannot be given or lent to another individual so nobody can get around the ...