This article introduces JazzScheme, a development system based on extending the Scheme programming language and the Gambit system. JazzScheme includes a module system, hygienic macros, object-oriented programming, a full-featured cross-platform application framework, a sophisticated programmable IDE and a build system that creates executable binaries for Mac OS X, Windows and Linux. JazzScheme ...

Evolutionary change is a characteristic of living organisms and forms one of the ways in which species adapt to changed conditions. However, most ecological models do not incorporate this ubiquitous phenomenon. We have developed a model that takes a 'phenotypic gambit' approach and focuses on changes in the frequency of phenotypes (which differ in timing of breeding and fecundity) within a popu...

We study a variation of the combinatorial game of 2-pile Nim. Move as in 2-pile Nim but with the following constraint: Provided the previous player has just removed say x > 0 tokens from the pile with less tokens, the next player may remove x tokens from the pile with more tokens. But for each move, in “a strict sequence of previous player next player moves”, such an imitation takes place, the ...

We study a microfounded search model of exchange in the laboratory. Using a within-subjects design, we consider exchange behavior with and without an intrinsically worthless token object. While these tokens have no redemption value, like fiat money they may foster greater exchange and welfare via the coordinating role of having prices of goods in terms of tokens. We find that welfare is indeed ...

E. Duchêne and S. Gravier present the following open problem: In Wythoff’s game, each player can either remove at most R tokens from a single heap (i.e. there is an upper bound R on the number of removing tokens), or remove the same number of tokens from both heaps but there is no upper bound on the number of removing tokens. This open problem is investigated and all its P-positions are given.

In the absence of language, the comprehension of symbols is difficult to demonstrate. Tokens can be considered symbols since they arbitrarily stand for something else without having any iconic relation to their referent. We assessed whether capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) can use tokens as symbols to represent and combine quantities. Our paradigm involved choices between various combinations of...

For detecting difficult objects, like hands, we present an algorithm that uses tokens and a grammar. Tokens are found by employing a new scale space edge detector that finds scale invariant features at object boundaries. We begin by constructing the scale space. Then we find edges at each scale and flatten the scale space to one edge image. To detect a hand we define a hand pattern grammar usin...

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are gaining in popularity and already extensively implemented. New use cases for NFTs constantly developing. may prevent counterfeiting since each token carries the owner’s digital signature is thus unique. For usage of to progress an institutional environment, potential using must be investigated detail. This discovery prompted a comprehensive examination developed b...

Abstract Security token offerings (STOs) are a new means for ventures to raise funding, where digital tokens issued as regulated investment products on the blockchain. We study market outcomes in primary and secondary markets security examine associated determinants context of signaling theory. analyze success 138 STOs find that pre-sale announcement transferability positively related funding s...