Biology's dense particularity is criss-crossed with unifying connections. Each of us — student, teacher, or professional scientist — can master the details of a narrow subject and come to see how they hang together. We know very well, also, that the most exciting discoveries reveal connections between one mass of particulars and its near and distant neighbors. Even so, many of us are daunted by...

T he dream of preventing cancer with a vitamin pill is rapidly evaporating. Over the past few months, results from clinical trials and observational studies report no benefit — and in a few cases, possible harm — from supplementation with several micronutrients, including vitamins C, D, and E; selenium; calcium; and folate. The fi ndings have sobered investigators in the fi eld of chemopreventi...

Fighting HIV/AIDS structure of a transcription initiation complex is solved, and we can visualize the interacting components. Gal1 also gives the authors a way to segue into the concept Staying Alive of sequential recruiting. Thus, the initial activators of Onward to higher eukaryotes and a variety of regulatory pathways. To show directly that mechanisms de-Less than a decade after the fall of ...

1) Induction of ovarian tumor with a single intragastric instillation of a large but tolerable doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) was investigated on young female mice of C3H and C57BL strains, rats of Sprague-Dawley strain, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The ovarian tumor occurred in a high incidence only in C3H mice. 2) The induction of ovarian tumor in C3H mice with DMBA by various ro...

In eukaryotes, gene expression depends on activator proteins that bind enhancer elements and stimulate transcription by RNA polymerase II (pol II) (Struhl 1995; Zawel and Reinberg 1995). This general requirement for activators is inferred from numerous observations in vivo that intact promoters are much more efficiently transcribed than core promoter derivatives containing only the TATA and ini...

In Response: Based on our findings, we reported that ‘‘positive associations were seen between isoflavones and advanced prostate cancer’’ in the abstract and that ‘‘isoflavone intake tended to be associated with an increased risk of advanced prostate cancer’’ in the summary of the discussion because we considered that this unemphatic expression accurately reflected the lack of statistical signi...

This paper proposes a method for integrating intonation and information structure into the Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammar (LTAG) formalism. The method works fully within LTAG and requires no changes or additions to the basic formalism. From the existing CCG analysis, we denote boundary tones as lexical items and pitch accents as features of lexical items. We then show how prosodically marke...

Transcription of eukaryotic genes is a complex process requiring the action of a myriad of proteins. Central to the process is the large multi-subunit enzyme RNA polymerase II (Pol II), which contains 12 subunits (Lewin, 1997). In spite of its complexity, Pol II requires a series of general transcription factors (GTFs) to recognize, bind, and clear the core promoter of each gene. These GTFs are...

While winter storms crippled almost every state fromWisconsin to Florida, our own force of nature blew into California in January in the compact human form of Mark Ptashne (Fig 1). Mark, who holds the Ludwig Chair of Molecular Biology at Sloan-Kettering in New York, had arrived to give a series of seminars on the West Coast. And if that weren’t enough, he also came prepared for a soirée, with h...