This study attempts to increase fundamental variables ability to explain exchange rate price changes. To do this fundamental variables from the various theoretical models are linked with the distributional characteristics of exchange rate changes. Models are developed that relate fundamental economic variables to the specific forms of the distributions of exchange rate changes. Data sets are de...

Gas exchange in animals is ultimately diffusion based, generally occurring across dedicated respiratory organs. In many aquatic amphibians, however, multiple modes of gas exchange exist, allowing for the partitioning of O2 uptake and CO2 excretion between respiratory organs with different efficiencies. For example, due to the physical properties of O2 being vastly different between air and wate...

Hughes & Shelton (1962), Hughes (1964) and Rahn (1966) have analysed gas exchange in animals in an aquatic environment, particularly fish, from a theoretical viewpoint. These authors provide equations which permit a quantitative analysis of the gas-exchange process. From these, it is possible to determine the relative effectiveness of the exchange process (Hughes & Shelton, 1962) in a single an...

For terrestrial animals and plants, a fundamental cost of living is water vapor lost to the atmosphere during exchange of metabolic gases. Here, by bringing together previously developed models for specific taxa, we integrate properties common to all terrestrial gas exchangers into a universal model of water loss. The model predicts that water loss scales to gas exchange with an exponent of 1 a...

study of the variables which explain real exchange rate fluctuations and real exchange rate deviation from its long-run equilibrium path, indicates that these variables have negative effects on the supply of agricultural products, for export. therefore,it seems that any attempt on stabilizing real exchang rate and bringing it closer to its equilibrium rate can be favorable in the expansion of e...

This study investigates the effects of  macroeconomic variables and their role in development of foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange market is the mechanism by which a person of firm transfers purchasing power form one country to another, obtains or provides credit for international trade transactions, and minimizes exposure to foreign exchange risk. The foreign exchange transaction i...

This study investigates the effects of  macroeconomic variables and their role in development of foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange market is the mechanism by which a person of firm transfers purchasing power form one country to another, obtains or provides credit for international trade transactions, and minimizes exposure to foreign exchange risk. The foreign exchange transaction i...