But over the past 150 years, the noise levels in our oceans have increased significantly. This is due to human activity. The propeller noise from shipping has raised the baseline for low-frequency ambient ocean sound worldwide. There is noise produced by undersea construction, such as pile-driving (e.g., hammering posts into the seafloor, such as for docks or drilling platforms). Sonar is used ...

HRSC image 0037, on the basis of analysis of which a schematic geologic map has been made. I to IV – zones, 1 to 4 – study areas each 8.9 x 27.9 km. Figure 2. Four study areas on southern slope of Olympus Mons with lava flows outlines. Fragments of HRSC image 0037. GEOMETRY AND FLOW PARAMETERS OF LAVAS OF OLYMPUS MONS VOLCANO: MARS. E. A. Bazilevskaya and G. Neukum, Geological Department, Mosco...

Moon Mineralogy Mapper/Chandrayaan-1. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M) is one of eleven instruments selected to fly onboard India’s Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft in 2008. M, selected as a NASA Discovery Mission of Opportunity in May, 2004, is a high spatial and spectral resolution spectrometer that will help scientists better understand the compositional variation of the Moon’s surface. Ms overall science...

We thank and compliment Engelthaler and Meyer for their letter (1), which provides new information extending our hypothesis that continental drift was a major influence in driving speciation within the Cryptococcus species complexes (2). Their map superimposing the four major current Cryptococcus gattii molecular types/ species (VGI, VGII, VGIII, and VGIV) on the map of Pangea sheds light on po...

GeoSAR is a program to develop a dual frequency airborne radar interferometric mapping instrument designed to meet the mapping needs of a variety of users in government and private industry. Program participants are the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Calgis, Inc., and the California Department of Conservation with funding provided initially by DARPA and currently by the National Imagery and M...

Geologic uncertainty in underground construction often leads to design and construction conservatism and hence to inflated costs. This paper presents a general model for the probabilistic prediction of tunnel geology, as a basis for developing more effective tunnel design and construction decision support systems. The geologic conditions along the tunnel alignment are modeled by a set of geolog...

Forward modeling of reflection seismic data is a computational process through which a geologic model (units: horizontal distance, vertical depth; layer acoustic impedance) of the subsurface is transformed into a synthetic reflection seismic record (units: horizontal distance, 2-way travel time; reflection amplitude). Synthetic seismic records (synthetics) are often generated both before and af...