Mitochondria from rat renal cortex were incubated with physiological concentrations of glutamate, or glutamine, or both. Changes in medium ammonia, glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate were measured and fluxes through glutamate dehydrogenase, glutaminase, and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase were calculated at different pH levels in vitro and in mitochondria from animals in which metabolic aci...

Glutamate transporters clear glutamate from the extracellular space by high-affinity binding and uptake. Factors that regulate glutamate transporter expression and activity can thereby influence excitatory neurotransmission. Transporter function in GABAergic and other systems has been shown to be regulated by transporter substrates. Here, glutamate regulation of glutamate transport was studied ...

background: giardia lamblia is one of the most prevalent intestinal flagellate protozoa that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts causing severe intestinal disorder in children.this study was performed to determine subspecies of g.lamblia by the pcrrflp method, targeting the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus, in hospitalized children at urmia mutahhari hospital, west azerbaijan province,i...

The extremely halophilic archaeon Natrialba aegyptiaca secretes the L-homo type of poly-g-glutamate (PGA) as an extremolyte. We examined the enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism and verified the presence of L-glutamate dehydrogenases, L-aspartate aminotransferase, and L-glutamate synthase. However, neither glutamate racemase nor D-amino acid aminotransferase activity was detected, suggestin...

Background: Gamma -aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of mammalians. The glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is responsible for the conversion of L-glutamate to GABA. The human brain has two isoforms of this enzyme, GAD65 and GAD67 that differ in molecular weight, amino acid sequence, antigenicity, cellular location ...

Glutamate is a neurotransmitter critical for spinal excitatory synaptic transmission and for generation and maintenance of spinal states of pain hypersensitivity via activation of glutamate receptors. Understanding the regulation of synaptically and non-synaptically released glutamate associated with pathological pain is important in exploring novel molecular mechanisms and developing therapeut...

Basal extracellular glutamate sampled in vivo is present in micromolar concentrations in the extracellular space outside the synaptic cleft, and neither the origin nor the function of this glutamate is known. This report reveals that blockade of glutamate release from the cystine-glutamate antiporter produced a significant decrease (60%) in extrasynaptic glutamate levels in the rat striatum, wh...