Until now, error type performance for Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) systems could only be measured in terms of recall because system output is not annotated. To overcome this problem, we introduce ERRANT, a grammatical ERRor ANnotation Toolkit designed to automatically extract edits from parallel original and corrected sentences and classify them according to a new, dataset-agnostic, ruleb...

Recently, active research has been conducted on Korean grammatical error correction machine translation (MT) and automatic noise generation. However, there is no gold-standard test set for objective official comparative analysis. A significant limitation measuring the ill-defined performance because experimental types in train are also included set. Moreover, training Additionally, of errors qu...

A projection of binary Reed–Muller codes ( ) onto GF (4) is presented. For an ( ) code, this operation yields a linear quaternary code with the same length, dimension, and minimum distance as the Reed–Muller ( 1 2) code. Based upon this projection, multilevel construction is given for ( ), where the constituent codes applied to the different levels are themselves the Reed–Muller codes ( 2 2) an...

It is shown that good linear ~n ,k ,d] codes over a finite field GF (q) can be constructed by concatenating the generator matrices of Reed-Solomon codes. For the first interesting case of k = 3, it is shown that many of the codes obtained via projective geometry tecqniques can readily be obtained via the proposed algebraic approach. ) 0 T ec hn io n C om pu te r Sc ie nc e D ep ar tm en t T eh ...

Grammatical Error Diagnosis for Chinese has always been a challenge for both foreign learners and NLP researchers, for the variousity of grammar and the flexibility of expression. In this paper, we present a model based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(Bi-LSTM) neural networks, which treats the task as a sequence labeling problem, so as to detect Chinese grammatical errors, to identify t...

We provide a construction for quantum codes (hermitian-self-orthogonal codes over GF (4)) starting from cyclic codes over GF (4). We also provide examples of these codes some of which meet the known bounds for quantum codes.

The effect of changing the basis for representation of Reed-Solomon codes in the binary form may change the weight distribution and even the minimum weight of codes. Using “Mathematica” and package “Coding Theory” we give some examples of effective changing of basis which gives the binary code with greatest minimum distance [1] (Ch.10. §5. p 300) and codes which have the same distance independe...

Absiruct-A linear code C over GF( q) is good for t-error-correction and error detection if P(C, t; c) I P(C, t; (q 1)/q) for all z, 0 s c I (q 1)/q, where P( C, t; c) is the probability of an undetected error after a codeword in C is transmitted over a q-ary symmetric channel with error probability c and correction is performed for ail error patterns with t or fewer errors. A sufficient conditi...

Composite Galois Field GF ((2)) multiplications denote the multiplication with extension field over the ground field GF (2), that are used in cryptography and error correcting codes. In this paper, composite versatile and vector GF ((2)) multipliers are proposed. The proposed versatile GF ((2)) multiplier design is used to perform the GF ((2)) multiplication, where 2 ≤ x ≤ m. The proposed vecto...

We describe the NUS Corpus of Learner English (NUCLE), a large, fully annotated corpus of learner English that is freely available for research purposes. The goal of the corpus is to provide a large data resource for the development and evaluation of grammatical error correction systems. Although NUCLE has been available for almost two years, there has been no reference paper that describes the...