In this paper I revive two important formal approaches to the interpretation of natural language, that of Montague and that of Karttunen and Peters. Armed with insights from dynamic semantics (Heim, Krifka) the two turn out to stand up against age-old criticisms in an orthodox fashion. The plan is mainly methodological, as I only want to illustrate the technical feasibility of the revived propo...

Lin and Frank (2016) failed to replicate findings from a study on self-reflection vengeance conducted by Exline colleagues (2008), which reported that males who self-reflected upon their potential for wrongdoing were less likely seek revenge than did not self-reflect. Using novel data methods Frank’s data, Grice (2017) discovered multivariate profile successfully differentiated between the grou...

A distinction between saying and implicating has held a central place in pragmatic s since Grice, with ‘what is said’ usually equated with the (context-relative) semantic content of an utterance. In relevance theory, a distinction is made between two kinds of communicated assumptions, explicatures and implicatures, with explicatures defined as pragmatic developments of encoded linguistic meanin...

Speakers routinely provide cues in their utterances about their intended meaning that a listener must retrieve using inferential processes that go beyond pure lexical semantics and semantic composition. A classic example of this speaker-hearer meaning negotiation comes from conversational implicatures (Grice 1975). To take two well-known cases, if a speaker delivers the utterance in (1a) with t...

The notion of implicature is not precisely defined, and may be compared to a concept with prototypical and peripheral instances. A prototypical implicature is a particularized conversational implicature as first proposed by Grice (1975), in which the implicature is intended by the speaker, dependent on the particular context of utterance, and calculated by identifiable inferential steps, includ...

...a distinction...within the total signification of a remark...between what the speaker has said (in a certain favored and maybe in some degree artificial, sense of “said”), and what he has implicated (e.g., implied, indicated, suggested, etc.), taking into account the fact that what he has implicated may be either conventionally implicated (implicated by virtue of the meaning of some word or ...

this article aims to study an important principle in discourse analysis, which belongs to paul grice, the contemporary philosopher. he believes that in addition to giving and taking information during a conversation, people also show their cooperation with each other, and so he suggests the ‘cooperative principle’ which contains some principles of subtext. since the cooperative principle is wit...

Cooperative principles theorized by Grice (1975) explaines the way people use language well and efficiently. There are four maxims in order to achieve connection during conversation, i.e. of quality, quantity, relation, manner. However, do not always follow obey principle instead flout maxim. The aim this research was discuss about types maxim which were flouted movie White House Down written J...