introduction azarshahr plain is one of the plains adjacent tothe lake urmia that has been faced, during recent years,withover extraction of groundwater and alsoexposed to salinity enrichment. on the other hand, urmia lake with about 5000 square kilometers is the relatively vastlake with hyper-saline water as a rare biosphere resource in iran and the world. this lake has a great economic, social...

Rainfall-runoff models sometimes have to deal with hydrological systems for which the water balance cannot be closed without taking into account the relation between surface and groundwater. In this study we intend to clarify in which kind of situations surface hydrologists should worry about these relations. We also conduct a preliminary study about how underground exchanges could be integrate...

Water shortage is a serious constraint on crop production on the North China Plain (NCP), where cropland is mainly irrigated by pumping groundwater from alluvial aquifers. To develop a sustainable ground water and irrigation management strategy, we developed a three-layer soil water balance model which is easy to use, robust, but physically based simulation tool. The model successfully simulate...

Water resource shortage has been a serious problem since the 1980s in the North China Plain (NCP), resulting in plenty of environmental problems. Estimating the groundwater recharge rate accurately is vital for managing groundwater effectively. This study applied several methods, including chloride mass-balance, tracers (bromide and tritium) and numerical modeling (Hydrus-1D), to estimate groun...

Despite decades of measurements, the nitrogen balance of temperate forest catchments remains poorly understood. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition often greatly exceeds streamwater nitrogen losses; the fate of the remaining nitrogen is highly uncertain. Gaseous losses of nitrogen to denitrification are especially poorly documented and are often ignored. Here, we provide isotopic evidence (δ(15)NNO...

The complex tectonic and volcanic processes in the Ethiopian rift valley have resulted in the formation of volcano-tectonic structural depressions that became sites for many rift valley lakes. Lake Beseka is one of the rift valley lakes in the northern section of the MER near to the Afar triangle. The lake plays an important role in the ecology of birds and wildlife, as it is located in the nor...

Fracture apertures play a significant role in groundwater systems. For proper groundwater quantity and contamination management, fractures have to be properly characterised. However, due to their complexity, fracture characterisation is one of the main challenges for hydrogeologists all over the world. This is particularly important in South Africa, where aquifers are predominantly fractured. T...