Hardly any economist or economic historian now disputes that technical progress and advances in scientific knowledge underpin all long-term, sustained economic growth. Sure, in the short run, sharp spurts of improvement in economic performance can arise from investing in factories, streamlining transportation and distribution networks, bettering market structure, and removing impediments to pro...

To analyze ways in which aid can be made more effective, we develop a growth model in which aid finances infrastructure investment and pro-poor spending. We assume that the recipient countries are aid-dependent in the early phase of development and ultimately become independent. In the model, donors can accelerate the independence of a recipient from aid by investing in infrastructure. We demon...

investing in research and development spending (r&d) affects total factor productivity (tfp).recently new theories of economic growth have emphasized the relationship between r&d and tfpand also identified a number of channels through which a country’s r&d affects tfp of its tradepartner. this study seeks to estimate the effect of agricultural r&d and education spending and some...

China is a vast and overpopulated country in the eastern Asia whose energy security and supply is the most important factor of economic growth and consequently, economic, social and political security. By the past decades, its leaders have understood the key role of economic growth and development in the economic and political security of china. Thus, they have put all their concentration on th...