Independent, or demand, guarantees are strong securityinstruments. They designed to secure the properperformance of contractual obligations in commercialtransactions. In South Africa, independent guaranteesare a common feature construction projects where theinterests any main parties (that is, contractoror employer) may conceivably be secured. Essentially,independent constitute an undertaking b...

Demographic aging renders workers vulnerable to the inherent uncertainty of unfunded social security systems. This realization has set off a global wave of social security reforms, and more than 20 countries have set up Individual Accounts (IA) plans in response. Strengths of IAs are that participants gain ownership in their accounts, and they also may diversify their pension investments; addit...

The majority of countries that switched to funded private account retirement systems opted to complement such systems with explicit guarantees to retirees and agents saving for retirement. The motivation was that a social insurance system should provide a minimum standard of living in retirement. This paper studies the optimal design of such guarantees. Particular attention is paid to moral haz...

When model checking a software component, a model of the environment in which that component is supposed to run is constructed. One of the major threats to the validity of this kind of analysis is the correctness of the environment model. In this paper, we identify and formalize a problem related to environment models — environment guarantees. It captures those cases where the correctness of th...

The Learning Theory 1, is somewhat least practical part of Machine Learning, which is most about the theoretical guarantees in learning concepts, in different conditions and scenarios. These guarantees are usually expressed in the form of probabilistic concentration of some measure, around some optimal value which is unknown and need to discovered. These bounds are functions of problem specific...

by reviewing literature of human productivity, it's obvious that participation of employees and partnership environment is one of the main suggestions. but how human productivity is affected by participation of employees? this paper tries to answer this question. in other word, in this paper illustrated that participation of employees initiates two groups of guarantees that improve product...