A Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) real-time reverse-transcription (rRT-PCR) assay was developed that distinguishes stains of South African and European highly pathogenic (HPAI) from low pathogenicity (LPAI) H5 avian influenza viruses in the absence of virus isolation, irrespective of the length of insertion at the hemagglutinin cleavage site (H0). The assay was used to pathotype H...

Although most antidepressants suppress serotonin (5-HT) and/or noradrenaline reuptake, blockade of 5-HT(2C) receptors and α(2)-adrenoceptors likewise enhances monoaminergic transmission. These sites are targeted by the urea derivative N- [4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]-1,2-dihydro-3-H-benzo[e]indole-3-carboxamide (S32212). S32212 was devoid of affinity for monoamine reuptake sites,...

Citation: Li J, Hou G, Wang Y, Wang S, Peng C, Yu X and Jiang W (2018) Influenza Viral Vectors Expressing Two Kinds of HA Proteins as Bivalent Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses of Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 and H7N9. Front. Microbiol. 9:604. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00604 Influenza Viral Vectors Expressing Two Kinds of HA Proteins as Bivalent Vaccine Against Highly Pathogenic Avian...

Outbreaks of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused economic loss for the poultry industry and posed a threat to public health. In South Korea, novel reassortants of HPAIVs such as H5N6 and H5N8 had been circulating in poultry. Here, we will discuss the identity of recent novel reassortants of Korean H5 HPAIVs and the recent advances in vaccine development, which will...

We developed and evaluated a multiplex branched DNA assay for the detection and subtyping of avian influenza (AI) virus strains. The assay successfully detected all 94 AI virus strains of 15 different hemagglutinin (HA) subtypes tested while simultaneously differentiating 24 North American H5, 11 Eurasian H5, and 11 H7 strains. Our study demonstrates for the first time that a branched DNA metho...

The H4-H5 loop of the alpha-subunit of mouse brain Na,K-ATPase was expressed and isolated from Escherichia coli cells. Using fluorescence analogues of ATP, this loop was shown to retain its capability to bind ATP. Isolation of a soluble H4-H5 loop with the native ATP binding site is a crucial step for detailed studies of the molecular mechanism of ATP binding and utilisation.

For the binary response model, we determine optimal designs based on the D-optimal criterion which are robust with respect to misspecifications of the unknown parameters. We propose a maximin approach and provide a numerical method to identify the best two point designs for the commonly applied link functions. This method is broadly applicable and can be extended to designs with a given number ...

The B7/CD28 family has profound modulatory effects in immune responses and constitutes an important target for the development of novel therapeutic drugs against human diseases. Here we describe a new CD28 homologue (CD28H) that has unique functions in the regulation of the human immune response and is absent in mice. CD28H is constitutively expressed on all naive T cells. Repetitive antigenic ...

Due to concerns that high pathogenicity avian influenza would enter into the United States, an interagency strategic plan was developed to conduct surveillance in wild birds in order to address one of the possible pathways of entry. The USDA and state wildlife agencies participated in this effort by collecting samples from 145,055 wild birds from April 2006 through March 2008 in all 50 states. ...

Since 1996, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has presented a persistent threat to public health. Its high degree of genetic diversity also poses enormous challenges in developing effective vaccines. To search for vaccine regimens that could elicit broadly neutralizing antibody responses against diverse HPAI H5N1 strains, in the present study we tested H5 hemagglutinin (HA) fr...