Application of price mechanisms has been the important instrument for carbon reduction, among which the carbon tax has been frequently advocated as a cost-effective economic tool. However, blanket taxes applied to all industries in a country might not always be fair or successful. It should therefore be implemented together with other economic tools, such as emission trading, for CO2 reduction....

Working Paper Series Abstract Hierarchy is a generic structure in which levels are asymmetrically ordered. In an industry setting, classic supply chains display strict hierarchy, whereas clusters of firms have linkages going in many different directions. Previous theory has often assumed the existence of the hierarchical relationships among firms and empirical work has focused on a single level...

Companies in the same industry sector are usually stronger correlated than firms in different sectors, as they are similarly affected by macroeconomic effects, political decisions, and consumer trends. In spite of many stock return models taking account of this fact there are only a few credit default models taking it into consideration. In this paper we present a default model based on nested ...

OBJECTIVE An epidemiologic surveillance network for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) was set up in the general population of a French region to assess the proportion of CTS cases attributable to work in high-risk industries and occupations. METHODS Cases of CTS occurring among patients ages 20-59 years living in the Maine and Loire region were included prospectively from 2002 to 2004. Medical and...

BACKGROUND The pharmaceutical industry employs >350 000 people worldwide in operations including research and development (R&D), manufacturing, sales and marketing. Workers employed in R&D and manufacturing sectors are potentially exposed to drug substances in the workplace that are designed to modify physiology and also to chemical precursors that are potentially hazardous to health. Pharmaceu...

BACKGROUND Sedentary behaviour is a known risk factor for a wide range of chronic diseases. This major health risk is likely to increase given the increasingly sedentary nature of work. AIMS To investigate the prevalence of sedentary behaviour in a sample of UK working-aged adults, across a range of employment sectors. METHODS A cross-sectional survey conducted with organizations throughout...

The negative impact of the outbreak of bird flu on economic sectors in the partial and macro research will be analyzed using CGE models (Computable General Equilibrium). The result of the simulation studies indicate that the sector directly affected by the outbreak of bird flu poultry sectors are a traditional, medium large poultry meat and eggs. While the sectors that are indirectly affected s...

In recent decades, the momentum of global environmental protection has culminated in the Kyoto Agreement of 1998, placing the limelight on “green” issues. This paper argues that the protection of environmental systems involves a fragile balance between the costs of environment preservation and the profit motivations of industrialists. In particular, one of the issues that needs to be addressed ...