We analyse the evolution of the Intergalactic Medium (IGM) by means of an extended set of large box size hydrodynamical simulations which include pre–heating. We focus on the properties of the z ∼ 2 Lyman-α forest and on the population of clusters and groups of galaxies at z = 0. We investigate the distribution of voids in the Lyman-α flux and the entropy–temperature relation of galaxy groups, ...

I . Several in vitro methods were compared with in vivo methods for estimating the nutritive value of leaf-protein concentrates (LPC), using a freeze-dried preparation from wheat (A) fresh, (B) after heating moist, (C) after heating moist and then extraction with chloroform, and (D) after extraction with an acidified solvent. 2. The treatments had little effect on the biological value (BV) of t...

This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of grape seed extract (GSE) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on retarding lipid oxidation of sunflower oil subjected to convection and microwave heating up to 240 min under simulated frying conditions. The progress of lipid oxidation was assessed in terms of peroxide value (PV), p-anisidine value (p-AV), conjugated dienes and t...

Dissociation of the C–Cl bonds in straight chain alkyl chlorides (CH3(CH2)nCl, n= 0–5) adsorbed on the Pd(111) surface has been investigated using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). Short chain alkyl chlorides adsorbed on the Pd(111) surface at low temperatures desorb during heating because the intrinsic activation energy for C–Cl bond cleavage (...

The use of oxygenated fuels in spark ignition engines (SIEs) has gained increasing attention in the last few years, especially when coming from renewable sources, due to the shortage of fossil fuels and global warming concern. Currently, the main substitute of gasoline is ethanol, which helps to reduce CO and HC emissions but presents a series of drawbacks such as a low heating value and a high...

in this study, a numerical model was developed to investigate the two-dimensional heat transfer in a homogenous finite cylinder to predict the local temperature and sterilizing value during caviar pasteurization. a fixed grid finite difference method was used in the solution of heat transfer equations according to crank-nicolson’s scheme. the model was validated by comparison of the experimenta...