Background: IL-4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells into Th2 cells. Once activated by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4. Objective: To examine the effect of IL-4 on IL-17 production and its effect in Collagen- Induced Arthritis (CIA) mice. Method: In this study, a chicken collagen-II-induced experimental arthritis (CIA) model was used in DBA/1 ...

Following activation by antigen, helper T cells differentiate into one of many effector phenotypes. Formulating mechanistic mathematical models combining regulatory networks at the transcriptional, translational and epigenetic level, we study how individual helper T cells may adopt their different phenotypes. For each cytokine phenotype, for example, T helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) cells...

Concanavalin A stimulation of T-cell cytotoxicity has been shown to be absolutely dependent on helper T-cell collaboration. Thymocytes stimulated with ConA do not differentiate to yield cytotoxic effector cells. However, thymocytes cocultured with irradiated spleen cells as helpers and ConA yield high levels of cytotoxicity. The helper cell bears theta antigens on its surface, is not an adheren...

The possibility that the antigen-presenting "macrophages" interacting with helper cells either directly or via the intermediary action of a soluble factor consisting of Ia antigen and a fragment of immunogen, termed GRG (genetically related factor), are a site of Ir gene action was investigated by using the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)-A--L. It was found that T cells from (responder x no...