H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1 HPAI) virus causes elevated mortality compared with seasonal influenza viruses like H1N1 pandemic influenza (H1N1 pdm) virus. We identified a mechanism associated with the severe symptoms seen with H5N1 HPAI virus infection. H5N1 HPAI virus infection induced a decrease of dendritic cell number in the splenic extrafollicular T-cell zone and impaired f...

background : avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of bird and human morbidity and mortality. we aimed to evaluate a specific and sensitive multiplex rt-pcr that can simultaneously detect influenza type a viruses and differenti­ate the two most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses h7 and h9 subtypes. methods : a multiplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction...

abstract : avian influenza virus (aiv) infection is a major cause of influenza mortality in birds and can cause human mortality and morbidity. although the risk of infection with avian influenza virus (aiv) is generally low for most people, the pathogenic virus can cross the species barrier and acquires the ability to infect and be transmitted among the human population; therefore the rapid ide...

A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) assay based on the avian influenza virus matrix gene was developed for the rapid detection of type A influenza virus. Additionally, H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtype-specific probe sets were developed based on North American avian influenza virus sequences. The RRT-PCR assay utilizes a one-step RT-PCR protocol and fluorogenic hydrolysis type probes....

Abstract : Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is a major cause of influenza mortality in birds and can cause human mortality and morbidity. Although the risk of infection with avian influenza virus (AIV) is generally low for most people, the pathogenic virus can cross the species barrier and acquires the ability to infect and be transmitted among the human population; therefore the ra...

Introduction: In recent years, influenza viruses have caused moderate to severe infections all around the world while so far there is no influenza vaccine that can protect people with only one dose of injection. In this regard, producing a universal vaccine based on virus-like-particles (VLP) could be an ideal approach.  Methods: In this study, the full-length ORF of influenza hemagglutini...

After infection with the neurotropic CAM/RBH measles virus (MV) strain, newborn Lewis rats succumb to an acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Passive transfer of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies directed against MV hemagglutinin prevented this disease process. Instead, either an antibody-induced acute or subacute measles encephalitis developed after a prolonged incubation period with a restricte...

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is highly immunogenic and able to stimulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, its ability to induce adverse effects has held back the use of VSV as a potential vaccine vector. In this study we developed VSV-ΔP, a safe yet potent replication-defective recombinant VSV in which the phosphoprotein (P) gene was deleted. VSV-ΔP replicated only in sup...

Among the influenza A viruses (IAVs) in wild aquatic birds, only H1, H2, and H3 subtypes have caused epidemics in humans. H1N1 viruses of avian origin have also caused 3 of 5 pandemics. To understand the reappearance of H1N1 in the context of pandemic emergence, we investigated whether avian H1N1 IAVs have contributed to the evolution of human, swine, and 2009 pandemic H1N1 IAVs. On the basis o...

The biological activity of monoclonal antibodies specific for the hemagglutinin protein of measles virus strain CAM recognizing six epitope groups according to their binding properties to measles virus strain CAM/R401 was investigated in vivo in our rat model of measles encephalitis. When injected intraperitoneally into measles virus-infected suckling rats, some monoclonal antibodies modified t...