We develop efficient ways to consider and correct for the effects of hidden units for the paradigmatic case of the inverse kinetic Ising model with fully asymmetric couplings. We identify two sources of error in reconstructing the connectivity among the observed units while ignoring part of the network. One leads to a systematic bias in the inferred parameters, whereas the other involves correl...

All policies aimed at improving human well-being need to be aware of the fact that there is inequality/heterogeneity within human populations. This population heterogeneity can be partly captured in terms of relevant observable characteristics such as age, gender, and level of education. But there always remains some hidden heterogeneity. While it seems to be trivial knowledge that not all peop...

Spatial Bayesian clustering algorithms can provide correct inference of population genetic structure when applied to populations for which continuous variation of allele frequencies is disrupted by small discontinuities. Here we review works which used Bayesian clustering algorithms for studying the Scandinavian brown bears, with particular attention to a recent method based on hidden Markov ra...

Transition between conformational states in proteins is being recognized as a possible key factor of function. In support of this, hidden dynamic NMR structures were detected in several cases up to populations of a few percent. Here, we show by two- and three-state analysis of thermal unfolding, that the population of hidden states may weight 20-40 % at 298 K in a disulfide-rich protein. In add...

there was a turning point in each period of time which human has discovered a new sight about the world and nature order in a way, and then has presented this relation by numeral, artful and industrial language. biourbanism focuses on the urban organism, considering it as a hyper complex system, according to its internal and external dynamics and their mutual interactions. nowadays when it is t...

the experienced curriculum” is one of the curriculums performed in the educational systems on which several different studies have been done. “the experienced curriculum” is of different levels whose first one is the hidden curriculum. this curriculum can be affected by different factors which have been categorized into four categories namely, educational, social, and geographical in this study...

background & aim: congenital hypothyroidism (ch) is one of the most common endocrine diseases and is a major cause of preventable mental retardation. early diagnosis of ch can help prevent future diseases. although time series techniques are often utilized to forecast future status, they are inadequate to deal with count data with overdispersion. the aim of this study was to apply poisson hidde...

Most models of generational succession in sexually reproducing populations necessarily move back and forth between genic and genotypic spaces. We show that transitions between and within these spaces are usually hidden by unstated assumptions about processes in these spaces. We also examine a widely endorsed claim regarding the mathematical equivalence of kin-, group-, individual-, and allelic-...