In this paper we study the relationship between ethnic exclusion and earnings in Urban Peru. Our approach to the concept of ethnicity involves the usage of instruments in many of its several dimensions: mother tongue, parental background, religion, migration events and race. In order to approximate what can be called racial differences in a context like the Peruvian in which “racial mixture” is...

Various ecological mechanisms influence the forms of species richness relationships (SRRs). These mechanisms can be gathered under five general categories: more individuals, environmental heterogeneity, dispersal limitations, biotic interactions, and multiple species pools. Often only the first two categories are discussed. In contrast, we examine all five and explore how they can influence the...

One simple type of connectionist system, the Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), produces patterns of dynamical output with three important structural properties and capabilities: symmetry, objective relational levels, and the automatic inference of novel logical categories. Together, these emergent properties also reveal a connectionist system that, when cast in the role of a learning agent, has the po...

When people use analogies to solve problems they form an analogical mapping between two domains of knowledge. This mapping may support inferences by analogy that suggest a novel solution to a problem. Several factors have been proposed to be important in selecting this mapping, from among several alternative mappings: structural factors (systematicity and structural consistency) and pragmatic f...