some believe that ancient mythological and literary texts solely aimed to amuse and entertain, and were sprouted from their feelings and thoughts, and do not regard the study of the ancient and mythological stories as having the definiteness and clarity which science is known for it. hence, this is why mythological stories in reality convey the beliefs, nature, attitudes and the extent of human...

knowledge of surgery is one of the milestones in islamic civilization. the purpose of this study was to find principles and proven techniques used by muslim surgeons, third to twelfth century ah. the present study, enjoying a historical approach, used a descriptive analysis method with matching samples. the findings of the study revealed that, during this period, some of the principles and tech...

baha’ al-dawlah razi was one of the most important physicians in safafid dynasty in iran. he wrote his large medical book, kholasat al-tajarob at 1501 ad. he worked as physician in the courts of two dynasties, teimurid and safavid. he had interesting innovations and findings in surgery, immunology and also in treatment. as examples, we can note to his description of pertussis and also his oral ...

background: a case-control study was carried out to investigate the roles of prior allergies and family history of cancers and their interaction in the etiology of adult leukemia. methods: prior allergies status and family history of cancers in first-degree relatives were compared between 131 incident leukemia cases and 206 hospital-based controls. odds ratios (or) were estimated using an uncon...

history - narrative interaction is one of the most important issues have being discussed in critical philosophy of history. a historian normally compiles the historical events, as the essential parts of history recording, and imports them besides some connectors through a narrative structure.  the existing relation between such a narrative and the reality is of considerable concerns which are e...

The practice and study of medicine in Persia has a long and prolific history. The ancient Iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the European countries in the 13th century. The Iranian academic centers like Jundishapur ...

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it is generally recognised that ‘zero’ as we understand the concept today originated in two geographically separated cultures: the maya and indian. however, if zero merely signified a magnitude or a direction separator (i.e. separating those above the zero level from those below the zero level), the egyptian zero, nfr, dating back at least four thousand years, amply served these purposes. if ze...

purpose: this paper considers the concept and background of oral history in internal and external references. also it studies necessity, importance and agents of arising and developing oral history in the field of archives. methodology: this research uses library and document method and its database is provided via resources in prominent libraries, databases and websites related to oral history...

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