various substances in cigarette smoke including nicotine have been shown to promote/induce cancer cell proliferation. since cotinine has a longer half life and stability in the blood, it has become the preferred biomarker for cigarette smoking exposure. seventy-three gastric cancer patients were included in this study. the tumor tissues were stained with h and e for pathological evaluation. the...

abstract background: research suggests that factors in the environment are major determinants of health behavior for populations. this cross-sectional study used a combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to determine the prevalence of smoking and identify the possible associations between smoking and environmental variables among school pupils in iran. methods: a sel...

objective: according to the fact that university students are role models for the whole society, this study was performed to evaluate reasons of and attitudes toward cigarette smoking among iranian university students. methods: this study was performed as a cross-sectional self-reported questionnaire based study among university students of kerman city of iran. our questionnaire was attributed ...

background nephrolithiasis is a widespread multifactorial disorder. constitutional, environmental and genetic factors play a role in stone formation. although important advances have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of stone formation, none of the many theories have given a satisfactory explanation of this process. objectives the objective of study was to evaluate the probable rel...

The influence of the type smoking process (natural/liquid; hot/cold) and salt (NaCl or KCl) on levels polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked salmon was evaluated. One parent compound - BDE 47 two methoxylated forms 2?-MeO-BDE-68 6-MeO-BDE-47 were detected all samples. Among 14 PAHs analysed, naphthalene most abundant followed by phenanthrene flu...

strain induced precipitation in hsla-100 steel was investigated by conducting hotcompression and relaxation tests at temperature range of 850°c to 1100°c and strain rate of 0.001s-1 to 1s-1. the absence of dynamic recrystallization at temperatures below 1000°c was attributedto the influence of dynamic precipitation. the stress relaxation tests showed that strain inducedprecipitation is possible...

abstract introduction: smoking is one of the sanitary problems in world today. increasing smoking of cigarette and other tobacco products has concerned health managers and community responsible. in recent decades, smoking has increased specially in developing countries and the smokers are adding every year. the objective of this study is determination of smoking prevalence and its distribution ...

background: as students' hookah use has become a widespread problem in the developing countries, it is time to understand the cognitive determinants of students' decisions to do so. this study aimed to investigate the roles of psychological and demographic factors associated with hookah use among male high school students. method s: this descriptive-analytical study was performed among 601 high...