Globally, almost 3 billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution (IAP) from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the relationship between IAP exposure and disease and ...

Over two-thirds of Indians use solid fuels to meet daily cooking energy needs, with associated negative environmental, social, and health impacts. Major national initiatives implemented by the Indian government over the last few decades have included subsidies for cleaner burning fuels like liquid petroleum gas (LPG) and kerosene to encourage a transition to these. However, the extent to which ...

■ Abstract Globally, almost three billion people rely on biomass (wood, charcoal, crop residues, and dung) and coal as their primary source of domestic energy. Exposure to indoor air pollution from the combustion of solid fuels is an important cause of disease and mortality in developing countries. Despite recent advances in estimating the health impacts of indoor smoke, there are limited studi...

Alternative cook stoves that replace solid fuels with cleaner energy sources, such as biogas, are gaining popularity in low-income settings across Asia, Africa, and South America. Published research on these technologies focuses on their potential to reduce indoor air pollution and improve respiratory health. Effects on other cooking-related aspects, such as diets and women's time management, a...

The European Union Landfill Directive (1999/31 EC) promotes more environmental friendly waste management options, by reducing the amount of wastes and more specific of biodegradable wastes, disposed of in landfills. The EU member states are adopting the mechanical-biological treatment process for municipal solid waste and non-hazardous industrial wastes to comply with the abovementioned Directi...

We examine the influence of community context on change over time in households' use of non-wood fuels. Our theoretical framework builds on sociological concepts in order to study energy consumption at the micro-level. The framework emphasizes the importance of nonfamily organizations and services in the local community as determinants of the transition from use of fuelwood to use of alternativ...

Although solid-fuel use or smoking is associated with obesity measured by body mass index (BMI), research on their interactive effects general and central limited. Data of 20,140 individuals in the Henan Rural Cohort Study was examined independent combined associations prevalent obesity, which BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height (WHtR), fat percentage (BFP),...

The combustion of fuels, aside from their state concentrations (solid, liquid, gas), always occur in the gas phase. Next gas phase which is the mixture of the fuel and air or the fuel and oxygen, as well as of the fuel and gases containing oxygen can occurs in the form premixed homogeneous or not premixed heterogeneous. Processes of the combustion of liquid fuels and solid are more complicated ...

BACKGROUND Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, is known as severely air-polluted city in the world due to increased coal consumption in the cold season. The health effects of air pollution in Mongolia such as mortality, morbidity and symptoms have been previously reported. However, the concept of health-related quality of life (HR-QoL), which refers to the individual's perception of well-being, should also ...

global greenhouse gas emissions from 2000 to 2010 has grown more quickly (2.2%/yr) than in the previous three decades (1.3%/yr). china accounts for approximately 23% of global co2 emissions and the household sector is considered the major contributor. this study conducts a time series analysis of a per person household carbon emissions (hces) in china during 1995 to 2011. annual macroeconomic d...