Hyperphenylalaninemia (HPA) refers to all clinical conditions characterized by increased amounts of phenylalanine (PHE) in blood and other tissues. According to their blood PHE concentrations under a free diet, hyperphenylalaninemic patients are commonly classified into phenotypic subtypes: classical phenylketonuria (PKU) (PHE > 1200 µM/L), mild PKU (PHE 600-1200 µM/L) and persistent HPA (PHE 1...

The regulation and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and glucocorticoids have been well conserved across vertebrate species. Glucocorticoids influence a wide range of physiological functions that include glucose regulation, metabolism, inflammatory control, as well as cardiovascular, reproductive, and neuronal effects. Some of these are relatively quick-acting non...

Alloimmunization to human platelet antigens (HPAs) may occur either during pregnancy, when a HPA‑negative mother gives birth to a newborn who inherits HPAs from the father, or following blood transfusion or stem cell transplantation. Antiplatelet alloantibodies do not cause thrombocytopenia in a patient, but their detection must always be recorded in medical records because they may induce feta...

Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity by stress is a fundamental survival mechanism and HPA-dysfunction is implicated in psychiatric disorders. Adverse early life experiences, e.g. poor maternal care, negatively influence brain development and programs an abnormal stress response by encoding long-lasting molecular changes, which may extend to the next generatio...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Few genetic modifications have been identified to be associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), most of them playing a role in the formation or size of aneurysms. METHODS We evaluated the role of common and functional polymorphisms affecting the main platelet adhesive glycoproteins (GP) (GPIIIa: HPA-1; GPIa: HPA-5 and C807T; GPIbalpha: HPA-2 and VNTR) in the risk fo...

Alterations in the mechanisms that regulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity predate the development of alcohol use disorders. Human and animal studies indicate that chronic alcohol consumption induces a persistent impairment in the ability of the HPA axis to respond to stress. Therefore, HPA axis abnormalities may contribute to the development of alcohol use disorders and may...

Measures of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis can help us understand emotional development. However, to use these measures effectively, we must remember that the HPA system evolved to serve multiple essential functions, including regulation of glucose and carbohydrate metabolism and modulation of the immune and cardiovascular systems (Sapolsky, Romero, & Munck, 2000; Schulkin...

Optimal functioning of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is paramount to maximizing fitness in vertebrates. Research in laboratory mammals has suggested that maternally-induced stress can cause significant variation in the responsiveness of an offspring's HPA axis involving both pre- and post-natal developmental mechanisms. However, very little is known regarding effects of maternal ...

[1] This paper evaluates geo-seasonal relationships in tropical deep convection using radar and infrared data from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), near tropopause thin clouds from Stratospheric Air and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II, water vapor and carbon monoxide (CO) from the Earth Observing System (EOS) Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and the tropopause temperature from National Center ...

[1] We compare matched retrievals of upper tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) mixing ratios from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument on the Aura satellite, and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) instrument on the Aqua satellite. Because each instrument’s sampling is affected by tropical conditions, about half of mutually observed scenes in the tropics yield simultaneous successful ret...